The basket cells provided feedback inhibition targeting the cell soma of 70% of all pyramidal neurons within their hypercolumn non-selectively (Yoshimura et al., 2005). Connections between pairs of neurons were randomly

generated according to the connection densities. All connections that a neuron by chance formed onto itself were Venetoclax excluded from the network. The local network connectivity and the corresponding sizes of excitatory postsynaptic potentials (PSPs) were constrained with biological data, mostly from Thomson et al. (2002). For long-range (global) connections data is rather scarce as this type of connectivity is difficult to measure quantitatively. We therefore extrapolated the available experimental data based on theoretical considerations to arrive at a plausible amount of long-range connections between pyramidal cells (Lundqvist et al., 2006 and Lundqvist et al., 2010). Each pyramidal cell had 90 excitatory synapses from other distant pyramidal cells that were part of the same memory pattern. With only 9 hypercolumns in the network this resulted in excessive long-range connectivity density of ~30% (Lundqvist et al., 2006). The density

level is considerably reduced as the number of hypercolumns increases towards selleck real cortical scales. The single cell as well as attractor dynamics are however independent of scale (Djurfeldt et al., 2008). Our neuron models (Lansner and Fransén, 1992) were multi-compartmental and conductance-based, following the Hodgkin–Huxley and Rall formalisms. Pyramidal cells consisted of 6 compartments (soma, basal dendritic, initial segment, and three apical dendritic) and interneurons of 3 compartments (soma, dendritic, and initial segment). The potential in a compartment was calculated by integrating the currents dEdt=(Eleak−E)gm+∑(Ecomp−E)gcore+(Eext−E)gext+Ichannels+Isyncm,where c  m is the capacitance of the membrane proportional to its area, g  m is the membrane leak conductance, E  leak is the equilibrium potential of

the leak current. The term (Ecomp−E)gcore denotes the contributing currents from electrically coupled compartments with potential Ecomp and the conductance gcore, which depends on compartmental cross section (equal for Niclosamide basal and apical dendrites, smaller for initial segment). gext is a non-specific excitatory conductance with reversal potential Eext. Ichannels is the active currents from different ionic channels in the membrane of the compartment, including voltage-dependent Na+, K+, and Ca2+ channels as well as Ca2+-dependent K+ channels. Isyn is the current through glutamatergic (AMPA, NMDA type) and GABA-ergic synapses on the compartment. The kinetics of Ichannels and Isyn are described by Hodgkin–Huxley-type equations presented in Supplementary material. Parameters were tuned to mimic the spiking behavior of the respective neuron type (Table 1). Pyramidal cells were strongly adapting and basket cells almost non-adapting (Cauli et al., 2000).

, 1993 and Tsimplis et al., 1995). For each tidal constituent j   the root mean square deviation of amplitude (RMS) is defined as follows: equation(7) RMSj=12N∑i=1Ndi,j2where N   is the number of tide gauges considered and di,jdi,j is the vectorial difference defined in Eq. 6 for each location i. Furthermore the root sum of squares (RSS) was computed, which accounts for the total effect of the

n major tide constituents for each model against the tide-gauge observations ( Arabelos et al., 2010). RSS is defined as: equation(8) RSS=∑j=1nRMSj2Several numerical tests were carried out to investigate the effect of different approximations and processes. Results of the different simulations are represented in Fig. 2 in terms of RMS and RSS, computed over all 25 tide gauge sites. The base experiment, which was based on 2-D approach

without considering click here both loading tide and tide-surge interaction, had a RSS of 2.09 cm. screening assay As shown in Fig. 2, RMS is larger than 1 for the M2 and K1 tidal constituents. Even if we are dealing only with barotropic forcing and we assume unstratified water, the use of the 3-D approach reduced RSS 1.92 cm. This is due to the fact that the bottom stress differs in the two cases: in 2-D model it is based on depth-averaged velocity, whereas in the 3-D case it depends on the near-bottom velocity. Weisberg and Zheng (2008) suggested that three-dimensional models are preferable over two-dimensional models for simulating storm surges. The effect of ocean self-attraction and loading is accounted by the factor ββ in the dynamical equations (Eq. (1a) and (1b)). The global average value of this parameter is ββ = 0.12 ±± 0.05 (Stepanov and Hughes, 2004). The coefficient in the open sea is larger than near the coast since the characteristic length scale for tidal motions decreases in shallow water (Stepanov and Hughes,

2004). Numerical experiments were carried out using constant and depth-varying ββ factor. The results of these experiments (Fig. 2) demonstrated that along the Italian peninsula using a loading tide factor Amoxicillin linearly dependent on depth β=αHβ=αH, with αα a calibration parameter equal to 7·10-5·10-5, reduced RSS from 1.77 to 1.54 cm. A last numerical hindcast experiment was performed forcing the 3-D barotropic model with depth-varying ββ factor by wind and pressure data of the years simulated. As shown in Fig. 2, RMS is larger than 0.5 cm for the M2, K1 and O1 tidal constituents. Model results (Fig. 2) demonstrated that, for the Italian coast, accounting for the non-linear interaction between tide and surge reduces RSS to 1.44 cm.

24 and a skewness of −0.51. An average of 432.9 mm, or 78.6% of the total yearly precipitation, fell in the rainy season from May to September (Supplementary Table 1). It is noted that almost all the runoff generation storms occurred in the rainy season in this region (Zhu et al., 1997). Over the SSP, LSP, and SCP monitoring periods, Forskolin clinical trial the mean annual precipitation was 522 mm, 524 mm, and 565 mm; the mean rainfall amount in the rainy season was 405 mm, 413.4 mm and 449.5 mm, which accounted for 77.6%, 78.9% and 79.5% of total annual precipitation, respectively (Fig. 4). The following are the supplementary data to this article. In this study, if a storm generated flows on any of those monitoring plots, it was referred to

as a runoff generation event. Flows selleck chemical may be present on some plots but absent on other plots in a small runoff generation rainfall event due to the difference in soil infiltration. There were 22, 25, and 59 runoff generation storm events in the SSP, LSP, and SCP monitoring periods. It is noted that the

LSP monitoring period was within the SCP monitoring period. Overall, all those runoff generation storm events ranged from 3.6 to 110 mm in event rainfall amount, 0.25–26.1 h in rainfall duration, and 1.03–62.4 mm/h in mean event intensity (Fig. 5). To determine the recurrence intervals of runoff generation storms, an empirical equation was used in this study (Eq. (1)). The equation was developed by Shanxi Bureau of Meteorology based on the long-term continuous data collected at the weather stations across the Shanxi Province. The coefficients (A, B, n) in the equation were calibrated using

the rainfall data in each region and they are varied from region to region. equation(1) logN=I×tnB24n−1Where N is recurrence interval (year); t is rainfall duration (h); I is mean rainfall intensity (mm/h); A, B and Olopatadine n are coefficients (A = 40, B = 65, and n = 0.7). The recurrence intervals of all the runoff generation storms over the study periods are shown in Fig. 5d. At slope angles of 5°, 10°, 15°, 20°, 25°, and 30°, the mean annual runoff per unit area was 42.9, 44.2, 45.4, 44.2, 44.3 and 47.2 mm on SSP, in comparison of 31.1, 24.3, 33.7, 28.8, 27.2, and 25.1 mm on LSP. Overall, the variation in runoff per unit area with slope angles was fairly limited on SSP (Fig. 6a). The highest mean annual runoff, occurring at 30°, was only 9.1% more than the lowest, occurring at 5°. On LSP, the highest mean annual runoff, occurring at 15°, was 27.8% more than the lowest, occurring at 10°. The relationship between runoff and slope angles was inconsistent between SSP and LSP. On SSP, the mean annual runoff per unit area generally showed a slight increase with slope angles. However, on LSP, the mean annual runoff reached a maximum at 15° and then decreased with slope angles. The inconsistent and complex relationship between runoff and slope angles might be ascribed to the effects of several factors on soil infiltrability.

Annual mean photic depth was almost four times greater in the offshore compared with the coastal transect (15.4 m vs. 3.9 m). Across the whole shelf, monthly mean photic depth was 32% greater in the period August to December than in March to June. Seasonal

differences were greatest in the lagoon (40% reduction), intermediate in the inshore and midshelf bands (35% and 34.3%, respectively), and weakest in the coastal and outer shelf bands (23% and Natural Product Library price 22%). The seasonal reductions were 80% and 55% greater in the lagoon and in inshore and midshelf waters than in the outer shelf waters. Annual mean photic depth, unadjusted for any of the environmental drivers, was strongly related to annual Burdekin discharges of freshwater (R2 = 0.65; Fig. 4). The relationship was only slightly weaker to the river loads of total phosphorus (R2 = 0.51), but much weaker to total nitrogen (R2 = 0.33) and total suspended solids (R2 = 0.14). TSS, TN and TP were all highly correlated to each other and to the total freshwater volume, compromising the ability to further investigate the Navitoclax datasheet relative contribution of each of these factors to the observed reduction in water clarity. Cross-correlation lags for daily photic depth in relation to the wave height, wave frequency and tidal range all

suggested a lag of 0 days (Fig. 3). This indicated that waves and tides affect water clarity more or less instantaneously, and that the effects were maintained for only a few days. In contrast, cross-correlation lags between photic depth and Burdekin River discharge had more complex patterns, suggestive of a lag of up to ∼100 days. This suggested that river discharges appeared to affect water clarity with a delayed onset, and were maintained over several months. A GAMM fitted to the daily data (mean photic depth across the whole 25,000 km2 study region) also showed strong instantaneous effects of wave height, wave frequency and tidal range and Meloxicam bathymetry on photic depth. Burdekin discharge was not included in this analysis of instantaneous effects, accounting for the observed longer lag

phase between discharge and photic depth. As expected, mean daily wave height and bathymetry were very strong predictors of daily photic depth (Table 3). Daily tidal range contributed in a minor way, and daily wave frequency (which is strongly related to wave height) was the weakest predictor. The model explained 74% of the variation in the data. The following analyses were therefore conducted on the residual daily photic depth values (for the whole region, and for each cross-shelf band), after having removed the effects of wave height, wave frequency and tidal range. To further investigate inter-annual trends, region-wide seasonal decomposition was used to remove the seasonal components of the time series.

A significant negative correlation was observed between ROC1 and cyclin D1 expression Ku-0059436 supplier in the study cases. When ROC1

expression increased, cyclin D1 expression decreased, and vice-versa. Melanomas containing areas of high ROC1 protein expression and low cyclin D1 positivity were observed alongside areas of high cyclin D1 expression and low ROC1 expression, making evident the presence of different cell clones in these lesions, as visualized by light microscopy. The amplification of the CCND1 gene in melanocytic nevi is rare, and so is cyclin D1 expression increase [5] and [29]. Strikingly, one of the melanocytic nevus cases included in this study showed CCND1 amplification and the highest level of cyclin D1 expression of all melanocytic cases studied (51–75%), associated with a decreased ROC1 expression (26–50%). This case of melanocytic nevus XL184 cell line was observed in the genital region of a 20-year-old female. It was characterized by intense junctional

activity and cellularity and by areas with morphologically distinct cells contiguous with each other in the likeness of clones. Interpreting an isolated case is difficult, but one explanation for the partial reduction in ROC1 may be the consumption of this protein for the degradation of the increased cyclin D1 that is found in a lesion in the proliferative stage. In this study, both melanomas with all cells amplified showed cyclin D1 expression in >50% of cells and ROC1 expression in <25% of cells. The Amisulpride lower ROC1 expression observed in the amplified melanomas as

compared to the amplified nevus suggests a ROC1 deficiency and not just its consumption for the labeling of the increased cyclin. This assumption is corroborated by the fact that in focally amplified melanomas, no significant ROC1 decrease occurred even when cyclin D1 was increased. It is also confirmed by non-amplified cases that showed increased cyclin D1 expression and a significant ROC1 decrease. The ROC1/cyclin D1 relationship correlated with neoplasia type. In melanocytic nevi, there was a predominance of increased ROC1 expression in relation to cyclin D1 (86.2% of the cases), whereas in melanomas, ROC1 expression was higher than cyclin D1 expression in 45.2% of the cases. The only case of a melanocytic nevus in which cyclin D1 was higher than ROC1 expression showed CCND1 amplification, which is in contrast with the melanomas where the majority of cases showed increased cyclin D1 as compared to ROC1 expression and no gene amplification (85.7%). This fact, and the absence of correlations between ROC1/cyclin D1 and gene amplification observed here, supports the idea of ROC1 deficiency in melanomas as part of the phenomenon responsible for the increase in cyclin D1. The amplification of the CCND1 gene is more common in acral lentiginous melanomas, followed by SSM.

Given the

small number of stations, the method sensitivity cannot be statistically assessed. www.selleckchem.com/Bcl-2.html Energy-based methods, such as those implemented in commercial software like QTC View (Quester Tangent Corporation, Saanichton, Canada), have been found to provide classifications that are insensitive to velocity or pitch and roll motions (von Szalay & McConnaughey 2002). How-ever, the different nature of the angular signal and the co-occurrence statistical analysis suggest the need to take vessel motion into account, for instance, to interpret the similarities between Aguete and Raxó or A Cova. Thus, boat velocity and pitch and roll motions must be considered as potential nuisance variables in our analysis, i.e. variables potentially affecting the results, although they were not in the focus

of our study. The boat velocity was recovered from the recorded GPS position and time. The pitch and roll relative time variations (the echosounder was not equipped with tilt sensors) were inferred from the variations in the acoustic reflectance around near normal insonification (where it is maximum). As the reflection coefficient near normal incidence depends strongly on angle, following the Gaussian law of width proportional to bottom roughness (Lurton 2002), reflectance variations are expected to amplify the vessel oscillations about the vertical. With these velocity and tilt relative variations (which, in turn, show a high degree of correlation), the same statistical analysis as for the other variables

was applied. The classification results Z-VAD-FMK purchase highlight the difference among the Aguete transects and the others: this is a difference not shown in the energy-based classification. However, these results rule out these nuisance variables as the origin of bivalve clam cartography (in Figure 2). Even if the Aguete transects were different (and this caused their classification in one and the same branch), Raxó and A Cova would have been properly differentiated by the angular classification; in those cases the effect of the nuisance variables Liothyronine Sodium would be negligible for the relative classification. Despite their economic importance, research efforts devoted to the cartography of infaunal bivalves are scarce. Hence, we will compare our approach with others aimed at the detection and mapping of commercial bivalve species located over the bottom surface (Kostylev et al. 2003, Hutin et al., 2005 and Snellen et al., 2008). Those works used different acoustic equipment (single beam, multibeam) and their analyses were based on a classification of the energy response. The groundtruthing of Hutin et al. (2005) yielded a 71% successful classification of the clam beds, that of Snellen et al. (2008) gave between 87 and 98%. Our classification results, referred to the segments described in the previous section (spatial resolution better than 125 m), correctly assigned 93% of the segments to the right clam density class. Kostylev et al.

This may be of particular importance since previously published analysis of human

iliac crest biopsies from osteoporotic and non-osteoporotic (based on the classical clinical criteria) patients sustaining atraumatic or low trauma fragility fractures shows similar results as far as collagen cross-link ratio is concerned [17] and [18]. Additionally, the results were obtained in vertebrae, and the incidence of vertebral fractures in osteoporosis is twice that of hip fractures [70], although caution should be exercised as an animal model was employed in the present study. These results become even more important in view of the recent clinical reports, which have correlated plasma homocysteine levels and bone fragility [12], [13], [14] and [15] when it is noted that the mechanism by which homocysteine

and β-APN block collagen learn more cross-link formation is analogous. GDC-0980 mw None of the authors have any conflict of interest. The authors thank Gerda Dinst, Sabrina Thon, Phaedra Messmer, and Daniela Gabriel for careful sample preparations and qBEI measurements at the Bone Material Laboratory of the Ludwig Boltzmann-Institute of Osteology, Vienna, Austria. This study was supported by the Allgemeine Unfallversicherungsanstalt (AUVA), research funds of the Austrian workers compensation board; the Wiener Gebietskrankenkasse (WGKK), Viennese sickness insurance funds; and the Fonds zur Foederung der wissenschaftlichen Forschung (FWF); the Division of Periodontology, Ohio State University; a research grant from the Alliance for Better Bone Health (to EPP); NIH grant AR046505 (to EPP). “
“The incidence of vertebral fracture increases linearly with aging and is significantly correlated with declining bone mineral density almost (BMD). The incidence of hip fracture, on the other hand, rises exponentially

with aging, suggesting that age-related factors other than BMD contribute greatly to the fragility of the proximal femur. Hip fractures cause substantial disability and are associated with a high rate of death among elderly women [1]. Because vertebral fracture is the most common of osteoporotic fractures, the efficacy of anti-osteoporotic agents is judged in clinical trials by evaluating the incidence of vertebral fracture. The incidence of hip fracture is much lower than that of vertebral fracture, especially in elderly Japanese, and in clinical trials of anti-osteoporotic agents hip fracture is assessed as a secondary endpoint or as one of the non-vertebral fractures. However, in view of the increasing incidence of hip fracture in the Japanese population [2] and its consequences of seriously reducing quality of life (QOL) [3], measures to prevent hip fracture are of paramount importance.

Ultimately, we hope that this paper will stimulate new perspectives in order to access and assess (self) awareness also in clinical populations such as DOC patients. A sample consisting of 14 subjects (9 females, 5 males) with age ranging from 21 to 53 (M=25.79; SD=8.17) was recorded. All volunteers were right-handed German native speakers without any recorded history of neurological disease. Participants gave written

informed consent approved by the local ethics committee and received monetary compensation for their participation. The experiment expands the SON task as introduced by Schnakers et al. (2008) and subsequently adapted in Fellinger et al. (2011). Stimuli were either spoken by a familiar (FV; subject’s close friend or family member) or unfamiliar voice (UFV; spoken by a text-to-speech algorithm, find more CereProc®, CareProc Ltd: Cyclopamine purchase “Alex”, “Gudrun”). Stimuli included the subject’s own name and five commonly used Austrian names (according to statistics Austria) matched for number of syllables and the gender of the participant. Stimuli were presented via headphones at a sound pressure level of 80 db. The task consisted of two experimental conditions: an active condition to investigate the ability to consciously follow commands and a passive listening condition

with the passive condition always preceding the active condition. Each condition consisted of 3 blocks; with each block including 13 presentations of each name (i.e., 39 presentations for each single name). In the passive condition 6 stimuli were presented with 234 repetitions in total (about 12 min), in particular, SON uttered by a familiar or unfamiliar voice and two different unfamiliar names either spoken by a familiar or an unfamiliar voice. In the active condition

only 3 different stimuli were presented (117 repetition) for about 6 min, all of them unfamiliar to participants and all uttered by a familiar voice (cf. Fig. 1). During the passive condition participants were simply asked to listen to all the names presented, while in the active condition they were asked to focus and silently count the appearance of the target name. In order to be sure that participants attended the presented stimuli experimenters clonidine controlled at the end of the experiment whether the number of targets counted by participants matched the total number of stimuli presented and controlled online for arousal fluctuations. The inter stimulus interval [ISI] lasted 2000 ms and for stimulus presentation and synchronization, the Software Presentation®, (Version 0.71; Presentation Software, Neurobehavioralsystems Inc., CA) was used. EEG was recorded with 32 Ag/AgCl sintered electrodes and head circumference matched Easycaps (EASYCAP GmbH; Herrsching Germany) placed according to the international 10–20 system.

The authors thank Theresa Asen, Chantal Gotthier, Raindy Tedjokusumo, Judith Seebach, Daniel Kull, and Ruth Hillermann for excellent technical assistance; Elisabeth Kremmer for providing antibodies; Elisa Kieback for sharing protocols; Stephan Haug for help with statistical analyses; and Irene Esposito for support with histological staining. Dr Gasteiger’s Selleck GDC0068 current affiliation is: Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York. “
“Event Date and Venue Details from 2011 15th INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS 02–06 August Kyoto, JAPAN Info: Secretariat,

Nara Inst. Of Sci. And Tech., 8916-5, Takayam, Ikoma 630-0192 JAPANE-mail: [email protected] Web: http://Mpmi2011.umin.jp/index.html

SOCIETY FOR INVERTEBRATE PATHOLOGY 44th ANNUAL MEETING 07–11 August Halifax, NS, CANADA click here Info: S. Bjornson, Biol. Dept., Saint Mary’s Univ., 923 Robie St., Halifax, NS B3H 3C3, CANADA Fax: 1-902-420-5261 Voice: 1-902-496-8751 E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.sipweb.org/meeting.cfm 3rd INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC SEMINAR OF PLANT PATHOLOGY 25–26 August Trujillo, PERU Info: J. Chico-Ruiz, E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.facbio.unitru.edu.pe 11th INTERNATIONAL HCH AND PESTICIDES FORUM 07–09 September Gabala, AZERBAIJAN Web: www.hchforum.com ∗INTEGRATED CONTROL IN PROTECTED CROPS, TEMPERATE CLIMATE 18–22 September Winchester, DCLK1 Hampshire, UK Info: C. Millman, AAB, E-mail: [email protected] Voice: 44-0-1789-472020 3rd INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON ENVIRON-MENTAL WEEDS & INVASIVE PLANTS (Intractable Weeds and PlantInvaders) 02–07 October Ascona, SWITZERLAND

C. Bohren ACW Changins, PO Box 1012, CH-1260 Nyon, SWITZERLAND Voice: 41-79-659-4704 E-mail: [email protected] Web: http://tinyurl.com/24wnjxo Entomological Society of America Annual Meeting 13–16 November Reno, NV, USA ESA, 9301 Annapolis Rd., Lanham, MD 20706-3115, USA Fax: 1-301-731-4538 E-mail: [email protected] Web: http://www.entsoc.org 10th International Congress of Plant Pathology, “The Role of Plant Pathology in a Globalized Economy” 25–31 August Beijing, CHINA 2012 3rd Global Conference on Plant Pathology for Food Security at the Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology 10–13 Jan 2012 Udaipur, India Voice: 0294-2470980, +919928369280 E-mail: [email protected] SOUTHERN WEED SCIENCE SOCIETY (U.S.) ANNUAL MEETING 23–25 January Charleston, SC, USA SWSS, 205 W. Boutz, Bldg. 4, Ste. 5, Las Cruces, NM 88005, USA Voice: 1-575-527-1888 E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.swss.ws 7th INTERNATIONAL IPM SYMPOSIUM 2012 – March USA, in planning phase E. Wolff E-mail: [email protected] VI INTERNATIONAL WEED SCIENCE CONGRESS 17–22 June Dynamic Weeds, Diverse Solutions, Hangzhou, CHINA H.J. Huang, IPP, CAAS, No.

This can explain why economic objectives were ranked relatively high by most managers. Overall, there were few cases in which commercial sea cucumber fisheries were being well managed and the fisheries with relatively healthy stocks were ones

with few commercial fishers or have been closed to export-oriented fishing. Many management agencies in PICs severely lack capacity for conventional stock assessments to estimate abundance Selleckchem 5-Fluoracil and density of sea cucumber populations. This situation supports a modern realisation that the diagnosis should recognise opportunities and threats within the fishery using available science [12]. The managers used knowledge of the fishery in addition the six multi-disciplinary indicators to choose a rank of stock health. The fishery managers tended to diagnose their sea cucumber stocks in better health than a recent objective classification [24]. Based on recent population surveys showing sparse, or significantly impacted, stocks in six of the seven fisheries more-optimistically diagnosed fisheries [41], [48], [50], [51], [52] and [53], we argue that their diagnoses indicate a degree of optimistic bias. Indeed, such bias is common in other fisheries [54]. Thus, some objective measures of stock health (e.g.

ratio of high value species in exports) AZD6244 nmr should be used to moderate the subjectivity of fishery managers. Annual harvests of sea cucumbers have clearly been excessive in PICs using current, conventional, regulatory measures. Arguably, new management measures will be needed to turn the tide on over-exploitation. Simple sets of regulatory measures will be most easily implemented yet need to reduce annual captures and safeguard vulnerable species. Management solutions need to be tailored to small-scale fisheries in light of diagnoses [12] and [55]. Fisheries in a depleted state may need some years of fishery moratorium to recover populations to productive levels [31], [56] and [57].

Once stocks have recovered, a suite of regulatory measures will be needed to meet fisheries and conservation objectives [58]. The vast number of fishers [24] and lack of suitable frameworks of sea rights in many PICs [9] make rights-based approaches to fisheries [59], [60] and [61] intangible in the short term. Rights-based incentives are arguably Quinapyramine insufficient in small-scale fisheries where poor fishers have few livelihood alternatives [62]. Exceptions where this could be developed are where customary marine tenure is strong (e.g. Solomon Islands) or where de facto rights over fishing grounds are recognised (e.g. French Polynesia). Gear restrictions and size limits were among the most commonly chosen regulatory measures and can be considered best-practice [31] and [32] despite certain compliance issues. However, gear restrictions and minimum size limits will only partially reduce annual catches.