coli K12 showed higher sensitivity to atrazine stress So Gram-ne

coli K12 showed higher sensitivity to atrazine stress. So Gram-negative bacterium E. coli K12 is a more suitable organism for studies concerning the action of atrazine stress in our study. So far, the oxidative stress responses to several pollutants have been extensively examined in bacteria (Hassett et al., 2000; Frederick et al., 2001; Geckil et al., 2003). The antioxidative mechanisms of bacteria have been well studied in E. coli (Amanatidou et al., 2001). Numerous studies have been carried selleck products out to research factors that affect SOD and CAT activities in microorganisms. In E. coli, the SoxR

regulon orchestrates genes for defense against certain types of oxidative stress through the SoxR-regulated synthesis of the SoxS transcription activator (Park et al., 2006). Moreover,

the strain could express some proteins to counteract the stress and protect itself from damaging insults (Li et al., 2009). Lü et al. (2004) suggested that both SOD and CAT are involved in the mechanism of tolerance to the herbicide. In this study, it is possible that stimulation of SOD and CAT activity contributes to the elimination of ROS from the bacterial cell induced by atrazine exposure. The detoxification reactions of atrazine can be divided into phase http://www.selleckchem.com/products/dabrafenib-gsk2118436.html I and phase II reactions. The phase II reaction is the GST catalyzed in conjugation with GSH (Elia et al., 2002). High levels of GST activity have been detected in some resistant insect strains (Ottea & Plapp, 1984) and the development of resistance had been correlated with an enhanced GST activity and GST-dependent insecticide

metabolism (Fournier et al., buy Idelalisib 1987). In this study, the increase in GST activity can be understood in terms of the bacteria consuming GSH through a GST-catalyzed reaction as a major mode of detoxification, and atrazine is expected to induce the activity of GST as a potent protection mechanism of E. coli K12 and B. subtilis B19. T-AOC is a comprehensive index used to measure the functional status of the antioxidant defense system, and it can represent the state of the antioxidant enzyme system in organisms. T-AOC in E. coli K12 and B. subtilis B19 were induced in the presence of atrazine. Our results showed that oxidative stress occurred; correspondingly, SOD, CAT and GST made a rapid protective response to atrazine stress, thus, for the whole exposure time, T-AOC in the two bacteria were increased accordingly. The growth trends of bacteria indicated that the ROS generated by atrazine and its metabolites can damage bacterial cells and decrease bacterial growth. During dechlorination, the early step of the degradation of chloroacetanilide herbicides, ROS can be produced (Xu et al., 2008; Fuentes et al., 2010). Other classes of herbicides, such as bipyridyliums and synthetic auxins, could induce oxidative stress due to blockade of electron flow through the electron transport chain and directly or indirectly affect the structure and function of membranes (Işık et al.

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