In a randomized African study, babies born to mothers presenting

In a randomized African study, babies born to mothers presenting at delivery received single-dose nevirapine or single-dose nevirapine AZD2014 and 1 week of zidovudine. Of those HIV negative at birth, 34 (7.7%) who received nevirapine plus zidovudine and 51 (12.1%) who received nevirapine alone were infected (P = 0.03): a protective efficacy of 36% for the dual combination [255]. However, in two other randomized African studies where the mothers received short-course ART, for infants uninfected at birth there was no significant difference in transmission rate at 6 weeks for dual

vs. monotherapy short-course regimens to the infant: zidovudine plus lamivudine vs. nevirapine [256]; or zidovudine plus nevirapine vs. nevirapine [257]. PEP for the infant of an untreated mother should be given as soon as possible after delivery. There are no studies of time of initiation of combination PEP, but in a US cohort study a significantly reduced risk of transmission was only observed in infants commenced on zidovudine when this was started within 48 h of birth [138]. For this reason, infant PEP should only be started where a mother is found to be HIV positive after

delivery if it is within 48–72 h of birth. NSHPC data from the UK and Ireland 2001–2008 demonstrate how the clinical practice of combination PEP in neonates has increased over time [258]. In total, 99% of 8205 infants received any PEP, and for the 86% with data on type of PEP, 3% received dual and 11% triple. The use of triple PEP increased significantly over this period, from 43% Afatinib nmr to 71% for infants born to untreated women, and from 13% to 32% where mothers were viraemic despite HAART. HIV infection status was known for 89% of infants with information on PEP; 14.7% of infants who received no PEP were infected (five of 34, all born vaginally to untreated mothers), Vitamin B12 compared to 1% of those who received any PEP (72 of 7286). Among infants born vaginally to untreated mothers, those who received PEP were significantly less likely to be infected than those who did not [8.5% (four of 47) vs. 45.5% (five of 11), P = 0.002]. However, in this cohort study, because of

the overall low rate of transmission and selective use of triple PEP for infants at higher risk of HIV, it was not possible to explore the association between type of PEP and infection status. 8.1.3. Three-drug infant therapy is recommended for all circumstances other than Recommendation 8.1.1 where maternal VL at 36 weeks’ gestation/delivery is not <50 HIV RNA copies/mL. Grading: 2C Delivery with a detectable maternal VL (>50 HIV RNA copies/mL) is not uncommon. The virus may never have been suppressed due to: premature delivery; poor adherence; very high starting maternal VL (>100 000 HIV RNA copies/mL); or late commencement of HAART; or there may have been viral rebound during gestation due to poor adherence or development of resistance.

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