In the second set of experiments, we evaluated the effect of banana flour supplementation on the intestinal anti-inflammatory activity of prednisolone to determine whether banana flour improves the pharmacologic activity of this glucocorticoid that is currently used in treatment of human IBD. Our results revealed that the combined use of a 10% banana flour diet with prednisolone was effective for preventing the intestinal inflammatory

process, as demonstrated by the improvement in the Selleckchem RAD001 macroscopic, microscopic, histologic, and biochemical inflammatory parameters evaluated. This preventive effect was more pronounced than those observed after a single administration of prednisolone, the use of the 10% and 20% banana flour diet

alone, or the 20% banana flour diet combined with prednisolone. The fruits of the green dwarf banana are rich in starch, primarily presented as resistant starch [10], which GDC-0449 order can act as a substrate yielding high levels of butyrate [28], an SCFA that improves gastrointestinal health, immune surveillance, and the growth and differentiation of enterocytes [6], [29] and [30]. Recent studies have shown that after 7 days of supplementation with resistant starch, chronically inflamed rats had the same butyrate uptake as rats fed on the basal diet [30]. In fact, prebiotic foodstuffs derived from resistant starch were suggested to be effective in the amelioration of colitis in both clinical and animal studies [28] and [30]. Green dwarf banana flour has been chosen as a starch source because of the high content of resistant Dapagliflozin starch, whereas banana fruit is considered to be one of the few sources of this resistant starch available in an ordinary meal [11] and [31]. In addition to the great value of resistant starch as a source of butyrate, resistant starch 2, a starch type present in green dwarf bananas, is also rich in amylose, which increases SCFA production and Bifidobacterium spp and Lactobacillus spp growth in the gut [32], [33], [34] and [35]. In our experimental conditions, the intestinal anti-inflammatory effect of the banana flour diet was not related

to prebiotic properties because no improvement in bacterial growth and development was observed. However, the methods used to determine bacterial growth and development are limited, and new studies are necessary, particularly using other experimental models of colitis, such as dextran sulfate sodium, and a more appropriate and specific culture medium. The role of the reactive metabolites of oxygen and nitrogen in the pathophysiology of IBD has been reported [36]. Although the specific pathways leading to cellular damage are not completely understood, oxidative stress is a potential etiologic and/or triggering factor for IBD, and antioxidant therapy can constitute an interesting approach in the regulation of this intestinal inflammation condition [37].