The chromosome aberration (CA) analysis in different phases of th

The chromosome aberration (CA) analysis in different phases of the cell cycle (G1, G1/S transition, and G2) and alkaline comet assay were carried out to evaluate the clastogenic and DNA-damaging effects of PHT, respectively. The process of PHT synthesis was performed as described by Magalhães et al. (2011). The reaction was carried out in a one-neck, 250 ml round-bottomed flask fitted with a condenser with drying tube. Anhydrous dichloromethane

(20 ml), 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoic acid (1.4 g, 6.6 mmol) and thionyl chloride (1.57 g, 13.2 mmol) were added to the flask. The mixture was refluxed for 4 h, and after cooling to room temperature, the solvent was removed with a rotary evaporator. Dichloromethane (25 ml) was added to the flask and cooled to 0 °C. With good PI3K inhibitor stirring, anhydrous aluminum chloride (0.44 g, 3.3 mmol) and anisole (0.72 g, 6.6 mmol) were slowly tapped into the reaction vessel, which required 10 min. After the addition, the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 min and then allowed to decompose by pouring ice-cold hydrochloric acid (20 ml) into the flask. After extraction Ribociclib nmr with dichloromethane and washing with cold sodium bicarbonate solution and water, the organic layer was removed using a rotary evaporator. The

residue was purified by flash chromatography using an eluent of 5:1 hexane:ethyl acetate. A colorless crystalline solid was obtained. EI-MS: 303.2026[M+1], Yield = 80%, m.p. = 67–68 °C. The primary culture was obtained by a standard protocol using Ficoll gradient. In addition, phytohemagglutinin (PHA) was used as a mitogen to trigger cell division in T-lymphocytes. Peripheral blood was collected from four normal, healthy donors, two women and two men, aged 19–30 years, with no history of smoking/drinking or chronic drug use. Venous blood (10 ml) was collected from each donor into heparinized vials. Lymphocytes were isolated by Ficoll density gradient (Histopaque-1077; Sigma Diagnostics,

Inc., St. Louis). The culture medium consisted Buspirone HCl of RPMI 1640 supplemented with 20% fetal bovine serum, phytohemagglutinin (final concentration: 2%), 2 mM glutamine, 100 U/ml penicillin, and 100 μg/ml streptomycin at 37 °C with 5% CO2 (Berthold, 1981, Hutchins and Steel, 1983 and Brown and Lawce, 1997). For all experiments, cell viability was performed by Trypan Blue assay. Over 90% of the cells were viable at the beginning of the culture. The growth of cultured human lymphocytes was determined by the Alamar blue assay (Ahmed et al., 1994). For all experiments, cells were seeded in 96-well plates (0.3 × 106 cells/ml, in 100 μl of medium). After 24 h, the test substance (0.09–5 μg/ml), dissolved in 1% DMSO, was added to each well (using the HTS – high-throughput screening – Biomek 3000 – Beckman Coulter, Inc. Fullerton, CA, USA) and incubated for 72 h. Doxorubicin (Sigma Aldrich Co. St. Louis, MO, USA) was used as a positive control.

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