Truly personalized medicine would reduce healthcare inhibitor KPT-330 costs by preventing disease, reducing trial-and-error therapies, minimizing drug toxicity and side effects, and improving outcomes.PM regards an individual as a virtual map consisting of: (1) multi-omic information on millions of molecular and larger-scale components (genes, proteins, selleck inhibitor metabolites, hormones, ions, small molecules, cells, tissues, organs, etc.), (2) their interaction networks, and (3) their dynamic responses to internal, life-style and environmental stimuli. From a PM perspective, a disease is a dynamic perturbation of such an omics-network [2,4] which spans a broad range of length and time scales, eventually affecting the entire organism.1.2.
Disease BiomarkersPatients respond to a given disease or drugs differently, impeding accurate diagnosis and individualized Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries titration of treatment to maximize therapeutic efficacy and minimize side effects. The complex nature of many diseases creates Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries a need Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries for sensitive and specific chemical reporters Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries of patient condition (biomarkers) as well as inexpensive biosensor devices for diagnosing patients, monitoring treatment progress and evaluating the safety and efficiency of new therapies. Clinical practice recognized the utility of biomarkers to describe both normal and pathological conditions and began to apply them long before the term ��personalized medicine�� was coined (e.g., blood glucose in diabetes, troponin in heart attacks, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) in breast cancer, etc.
) [5�C7]. However, we are far from making optimal use of biomarkers.
The number of biomarkers we follow is still very limited, although no single biomarker is specific enough to describe comprehensively both disease progression and patient response to treatment; e.g., some biomarkers are relevant to diagnosis, Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries while other Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries provide insight into disease progression. Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries Because biomarker characteristics (e.g., concentrations of secreted biomolecules into body fluids, reaction kinetics constants, enzymatic activity, single-cells secretion profiles, etc.) vary from individual to individual Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries and because disease states involve dynamic changes in levels, dynamic measurements of levels provide more revealing information than Cilengitide single-point Dacomitinib measurements about wellness or disease states.
Monitoring changes in biomarker characteristics will allow us to prevent disease through early diagnosis, identify patients�� susceptibility to different therapies, interactively optimize treatment for effectiveness and prevent disease relapse, U0126 EtOH while reducing time selleck Paclitaxel and costs related to clinical validation of therapies. Such dynamic measurements are currently available for a very limited number of targets (EKG, blood oxygen, glucose, blood pressure, temperature, and pH for patients with a central line) while point-of-care panel techniques like micro-ELISA provide single-time-point measurements only.