Methods: Two models were used: an in vivo rat model (male Sabra),

Methods: Two models were used: an in vivo rat model (male Sabra), in which skin specimens were taken 20 days after i.p. cocaine injection (15 mg/kg) and an in vitro model based on HaCaT cells representing human keratinocytes.

Results: Our findings clearly showed that cocaine promoted skin oxidation via the involvement of the enzymes inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and xanthine oxidase (XO). Cocaine administration significantly increased iNOS expression in rats’ skin. It also decreased total scavenging capacity (TSC), as well as reduced glutathione (GSH) and ascorbic acid (AA). HaCaT cells treatment selleck chemical with a cocaine concentration

of 2 mM for 2411 (as was chosen by dose-response experiments) markedly enhanced superoxide radicals and peroxides formation. It also decreased TSC and GSH levels. Addition of iNOS and XO inhibitors completely abolished these findings. This study indicates VX 770 for the first time that systemic cocaine administration affects skin condition, even after a long period of withdrawal.

Conclusion: Our study therefore, suggests additional metabolic outcomes of cocaine due to its ability to enhance oxidative stress in skin. (c) 2010 Japanese Society for Investigative Dermatology. Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“An investigation aimed at a better understanding of the molecular adaptation mechanisms of salt stress was carried out

in 7-d-old tomato Solanum lycopersicum (L.) Mill AZD5582 research buy cultivars Patio and ‘F144′, using a proteomic approach. Total proteins were extracted from radicles and hypocotyls collected from both non-saline control and salt-stressed seedlings, and separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Liqud chromatography-electron spray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) identified 23 salt stress response proteins, classified into

six functional categories. The effect of exogenously applied glycinebetaine (GB) on the salt stress-induced inhibition of growth in tomato seedlings of cultivars Patio and ‘F144′ and on the protein profile was investigated. It was found that GB could alleviate the inhibition of tomato growth induced by salt stress through changing the expression abundance of six proteins in Patio and two proteins in ‘F144′ more than twice compared with salt-stressed seedlings. Furthermore, the interaction analysis based on computational bioinformatics reveals major regulating networks: photosystem II (PSII), Rubisco, and superoxide dismutase (SOD). The results suggest that it is likely that improvement of salt tolerance in tomato might be achieved through the application of exogenous compatible solutes, such as GB. Moreover, quantitative and qualitative analysis of the differentially expressed proteins of tomato under salt stress is an important step towards further elucidation of mechanisms of salt stress resistance.

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