We previously found that some transitional B cells in rabbit spleen localize to the MZ [13]. Human transitional B cells are CD27− [15], and we found that most rabbit transitional type 1 (T1) B cells were also CD27− (Fig. 1C); surprisingly, however, approximately 50% of the transitional type 2 (T2) GSK-3 beta phosphorylation B cells were CD27+ (Fig. 1C). We suggest that the CD27+ T2 B cells may be precursors to CD27+ mature MZ B cells. T2 B cells in mice are similarly thought to contain precursors for MZ B cells as well

as for FO cells [10]. Functionally, 24 h after anti-Ig and CD40L stimulation, we found more CD27+ B cells in cell cycle than CD27− B cells (Fig. 1D), indicating that CD27+ B cells enter cell cycle more readily than CD27− B cells. Upon stimulation with CD40L and IL-4 for 8 days, we found significantly more total Ig in the culture supernatant of sorted CD27+ B cells than CD27− B cells (Fig. 1E), suggesting that ABT-199 datasheet CD27+ B cells secrete more Ig than CD27− B cells. We conclude that rabbit CD27+ and CD27− B cells represent distinct subsets that differ

by virtue of their anatomical location, phenotype, and functional properties. To determine if there was a perturbation in the splenic B-cell compartment after neonatal removal of GALT, we stained frozen spleen tissues with anti-CD23 and anti-CD27 mAbs to identify FO and MZ B cells, respectively. Unlike control rabbits that had well-defined CD23+ and CD23− areas (Fig. 1F, left), nearly all B cells in the follicles of GALTless

rabbits were CD23+ (Fig. 1F, right). Consistent with this observation, we found almost no CD27+ MZ B cells in the GALTless rabbits (Fig. 1G), indicating that GALT is required Oxymatrine for development of MZ B cells. The intestinal microbiota is required for development of GALT [16] and in the absence of intestinal microbiota, follicles of proliferating B cells are not found in GALT, and the number of peripheral B cells is markedly reduced [9]. In GALTless rabbits, only organized GALT, appendix, sacculus rotundus, and Peyer’s patches are removed; isolated lymphoid follicles [17] and cryptopatches would remain in the GALTless rabbits and be exposed to intestinal microbiota. The apparent absence of MZ B cells in GALTless rabbits indicates that isolated lymphoid follicles and cryptopatch B cells either do not mature into MZ B cells, or that they give rise to only small numbers of MZ B cells. Notch 2 is important for both murine and human MZ B-cell development [18-21], and its ligand delta-like-1 (DL1) is expressed by intestinal epithelial cells [22]. We suggest that transitional B cells enter the follicle-associated epithelium and domes of the appendix [13], interact with DL1+ epithelial cells, and become committed to a MZ fate; these cells would then migrate to the spleen and possibly other tissues. The CD27+ T2 B cells in spleen may represent putative MZ precursors derived from T1 B cells in GALT.