11,15,20,21 This patient’s initial differential diagnosis included malignancy (eg, transitional cell carcinoma), infection (eg, granulomatous disease), or another inflammatory process. Enhancement of the urothelium and refractory bleeding were consistent with malignancy. Ureteroscopy was performed twice for the purpose of tissue diagnosis but was limited secondary to poor visualization. Results on repeat urine AFB from the bladder and right ureter Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical were negative to exclude tuberculosis,

given the patient’s immigrant status and recent travel. Thereafter nephroureterectomy was performed as a last resort for treatment of bleeding and for extirpation of possible malignancy. This patient required 2 additional procedures after nephroureterectomy for treatment of persistent bleeding, including Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical cystoscopy/fulguration and exploration of the surgical wound, though no active bleeding was found on the second procedure. An associated coagulopathy due to underlying MDS likely exacerbated both bleeding related to the leukemic infiltration and postoperative bleeding that required repeated interventions. However, no specific coagulopathy was found on initial hematologic evaluation. Conclusions CMML is a relatively rare clonal hematologic disorder with features of both MDS and MPD. Renal impairment from CMML is infrequent and Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical can result

from both direct (ie, infiltrative) and indirect (eg, vasculitis, infarction) mechanisms. This case inhibitors report describes a patient with refractory gross hematuria requiring nephroureterectomy with diffuse involvement of the upper tract by CMML and accompanying EMH. Underscored are the need to maintain Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical a broad differential diagnosis for upper tract lesions in the setting of gross hematuria, and the potential need for drastic measures to control upper tract bleeding if conservative measures fail. Main Points Chronic monomyelocytic leukemia (CMML) is a hematologic malignancy considered a subcategory

of myelodysplastic syndrome/myeloproliferative disease. The clinical course of CMML is variable, but the majority of patients present with fatigue, weight Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical loss, fever, and night sweats. Renal impairment from CMML is infrequent and can result from both direct (ie, infiltrative) and indirect (eg, vasculitis, infarction) mechanisms. A broad differential diagnosis for upper tract lesions should be maintained in the setting of gross hematuria.
Prostate cancer is the most common tumor in the United States. In 2007 an Bumetanide estimated 218,890 cases of prostate cancer were diagnosed, with 27,050 deaths being attributed to the disease. Local therapy (surgery, external beam radiotherapy, brachytherapy) is effective in controlling local disease; however, a significant number of men develop disease recurrence after local therapy. Hormonal therapy, although effective in impacting prostate cancer, has numerous adverse effects. The median time to androgen independence is 14 to 30 months.