05,

05, mostly respectively, and a significant cue �� condition interaction on urge score, F(2, 46) = 10.60, p < .001. Moreover, we found significant intention �� condition and intention �� condition �� cue interactions on urge score, F(2, 46) = 5.65, p < .05, and F(2, 46) = 5.11, p < .05, respectively. Separate condition �� cue ANOVAs were performed within each group to clarify the interactions. In the intention-negative group, smoking cues significantly increased urge scores, F(1, 16) = 15.53, p < .01, but the main effect of condition and the condition �� cue interaction were not significant (Figure 1, left). In the intention-positive group, we found significant main effects of condition and cue and a significant condition �� cue interaction on urge levels, F(2, 14) = 6.75, p = .01, F(1, 7) = 12.

06, p < .05, F(2, 14) = 6.93, p < .05, respectively. Simple effects tests indicated that abstinence increased (p < .01) and bupropion decreased (p < .05) urge levels during neutral cue exposure (Figure 1, right). During smoking cue exposure, the effect of condition was not significant, although the effect size was large, F(2, 14) = 1.92, p = .20; ��2 = .22. Figure 1. Effects of neutral and smoking cues under nonabstinent (circles), abstinent plus placebo (inverted triangle), and abstinent plus 300-mg sustained-release bupropion (squares) on smoking urge levels in smokers who reported intention (intention positive) ... Discussion The results of this study, while preliminary, support the idea that intention to quit may moderate the effects of medications for smoking cessation.

We would like to comment here on several points. First, while viewing neutral cues immediately after a 5-hr ad libitum smoking period, the intention-positive group reported very low urge levels, as expected, but urge levels in the intention-negative group were considerably higher. Because of the cross-sectional nature of this study, the direction of causality, if any, in the relationship between these variables cannot be determined, and the small sample sizes may make these effects unreliable. Longitudinal studies could clarify whether progression toward smoking cessation leads to lower urge levels under nonabstinent, neutral conditions, or whether having high urge levels under such conditions impedes progression toward cessation.

The two groups had very similar baseline and cue-elicited urge levels after 5-hr abstinence, which is consistent with previous findings (McDermut & Haaga, 1998). Second, smokers who intended to quit smoking within 6 months were more sensitive to the effects of abstinence and bupropion on smoking urge levels during neutral cue exposure than were those who did not intend to quit. This is consistent with the finding that treatment-seeking participants tended to be more sensitive than non�Ctreatment seekers to the effects of nicotine replacement on smoking Dacomitinib urge levels (Perkins et al., 2008).

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