2, 34 beta E12, CEA, C-A125, Leu-M1 and vimentin positive.2 They over express p53 and bcl-2 and exhibit variable positivity for estrogen and progesterone receptors and HER2 neu. Both cases have shown IHC positivity to CK-PAN, CK7, CA-125 and p53. They also focally expressed CEA, EMA, bcl-2, and CD15 but were negative for myogenin, desmin, vimentin and RCC antigen. PCCA Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical tumor cells are negative for CK20, β-hCG and alpha 1-fetoprotein.2 These

markers assist with the differentiation of PCCAV from other tumors in this location such as yolk sac tumor, sarcoma botryoides, embryonal carcinoma, and metastatic RCC. Non-DES-associated PCCA of the vagina and cervix may also be related to adenosis and other congenital malformations such as didelphys uterus with a double vagina, renal agenesis and situs inversus.6,11,12 Although adenosis is detected around the PCCAV and believed to be the precursor of PCCA there is no sound scientific evidence that confirms a causal or interdependent relationship between adenosis, PCCAV and DES exposure. Ongoing publication of non-DES associated Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical PCCAV data in the literature, particularly from countries like Japan that have not prescribed DES raises the possibility that adenosis may Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical be a step in the pathogenesis of PCCAV regardless of presence or absence of DES exposure. At the molecular level Watanabe et al.10 have suggested that Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical stability of the microsatellite loci and overexpression

of p53 protein without p53 gene mutation is a biologic cellular characteristic of non-DES-associated sporadic PCCAV. Non-DES-associated PCCAV has a poor prognosis and significantly worse outcomes than those seen in patients with other primary carcinomas of the vagina. Local and distant recurrence rates are also more common among

these patients than patients with squamous cell carcinoma who have received similar treatment.6 Conclusion Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical Both cases of non-DES-associated PCCAV in our study shared common histopathological and immunohistochemical (IHC) features although they varied in their clinical outcomes. Our findings have suggested that PCCAV can be unrelated to DES Chlormezanone exposure and this exposure may be one of the many other less known initiators of PCCAV carcinogenesis. Non-DES associated PCCAV in the pediatric age group possibly has a worse prognosis which suggests that age may be a parameter to high throughput screening assay predict biological behaviour. Continued monitoring of the cancer experience of the present population will be required to understand the pathogenesis of PCCAV in the absence of prenatal DES exposure and in cases that differ from PCCAV following DES exposure. This will place therapeutic implications in a different perspective for these two categories. Limitations to ascertain the third-generation carryover effects of in utero DES exposure, however, also remain a possibility to be considered. Conflict of Interest: None declared.