[30], which are depicted above the cg2146-bioY intergenic sequenc

[30], which are depicted above the cg2146-bioY intergenic sequence. The translational stop codon of bioN and the bioN-cg2151 intergenic sequence is depicted with a potential transcriptional Sepantronium in vitro termination signal rendered in grey and highlighted by arrows above the bioN-cg2151 intergenic sequence. Since the RT-PCR data indicated that bioY, bioM and bioN are described as one transcript from one promoter, the RACE-PCR technique was applied to identify transcriptional start sites of bioY and bioM. Thereby, one transcription start point was identified for

the transcription unit bioYMN (Figure 1 lower panel), being identical with the first nucleotide (nt) of the bioY translational start codon. Comparison of the sequence upstream of the transcriptional ICG-001 concentration start site to the σ70 promoter consensus [33] revealed two hexamers (5′-TTGCTT-3′ and 5′-TATGATT-3′) which show similarity (9 of 12 identical bases) to the -35 and -10 promoter hexamers and are separated by a spacer of 19 bases (Figure 1 lower panel). Characterization of biotin uptake by BioYMN In order to demonstrate

the direct participation of BioYMN in biotin uptake of C. glutamicum, radioactively labelled biotin was used as substrate to determine biotin uptake. For C. glutamicum WT(pEKEx3) grown under biotin excess conditions very low transport activities were found (Figure 2). In agreement with the biotin-inducible expression of bioYMN (Table 1), significant transport

activities were observed for C. glutamicum WT(pEKEx3) grown under biotin limiting conditions (Figure 2). In order to Tipifarnib research buy characterize the transport activities present under biotin limiting conditions, kinetic parameters were obtained after nonlinear regression according to the Michaelis-Menten equation (Figure 2). Thus, apparent concentrations supporting half-maximal transport rates (K t) of 60 nM and a maximum rate of transport (V max) of 1.3 pmol min-1 mg (dry weight)-1 were derived. Due to the very low biotin uptake activities (less than 0.1 pmol min-1 mg (dry weight)-1) observed with C. glutamicum WT(pEKEx3) grown under biotin excess conditions, the respective kinetic parameters could not be derived. However, the strain overexpressing bioYMN under these conditions showed high transport activities with a K t (77 nM; below Figure 2). The V max of 8.4 pmol min-1 mg (dry weight)-1 determined for C. glutamicum WT(pEKEx3-bioYMN) grown under biotin excess conditions indicated that biotin uptake rates were at least 50 fold higher when bioYMN was overexpressed than in the empty vector control grown under the same conditions. Figure 2 Biotin transport by C. glutamicum. C. glutamicum WT(pEKEx3) was grown under biotin-limitation (open circles) or with excess biotin (closed circles) and C. glutamicum WT(pEKEx3-bioYMN) was grown with excess biotin (closed squares) as described in methods.

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