5ab 85.6 ± 3.9bc 81.5 ± 6.4c 75.3 ± 5.7d Triglycerides, mg/dL 147 ± 15a 126 ± 13.1b 122 ± 17b 125 ±7.7b 115 ± 19b 108 ± 12b

Cholesterol, mg/dL 140 ± 22ab 118 ± 9.7c 120 ± 17c 106 ± 7.1d 146 ± 11.1a 125 ±10b LDL-C, mg/dL 64.9 ± 15.6a 31.1 ± 14.4b 31.2 ± 17.9b 11.8 ±8.3c 55.2 ± 10.4a 32.6 ± 10.1b HDL-C, mg/dL 45.4 ± 6.3b 61.2 ± 5.2a 63.9 ± 4.5a 72.0 ± 8.1a 68.2 ± 4.7a 70.6 ±4.9a TBARS, μM 1.30 ± 0.45a 1.08 ± 0.31a 1.24 ± 0.29a 1.34 ± 0.18a 2.23 ± 1.37b 1.23 ± 0.33a DPPH, % reduction 25.2 ± 4.5b 22.4 ± 3.3b 9.9 ± 3.9a 28.0 ± 3.6c 16.4 ± 1.5b 15.0 ± 13.4b # C negative control, CH positive control, CS continuous swimming, TSA HDAC mouse CSH continuous swimming + hesperidin, IS interval swimming, ISH interval swimming + hesperidin. Results are expressed as mean ± SD. a, b, c, d Statistical ABT-263 price differences among groups, indicated by different letters, were tested by Anova One Way, followed by Tukey test for glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, LDL-C, HDL-C, DPPH, and Student Newman-Keuls for TBARS (P < 0.05). Triglycerides A 13% reduction of

serum triglyceride levels was observed in the CH group compared to the C group. Among the exercised animals, with or without hesperidin (CS, CSH, IS, ISH), there were no observed differences on the triglyceride levels (Table 2). Total cholesterol and LDL-C There was a decrease in serum total cholesterol levels of 15% in the CH group compared to the C group. The same response it was observed in the ISH group compared to its control IS (-15%) and in the CSH test related to its control CS (-11%) (Table 2). LDL-C levels were 52% lower in CH animals than in the C group. Similarly, LDL-C was 63% and 42% lower in the CSH and ISH groups, respectively than in their controls CS and IS (Table 2). These results follow the same trend found for total cholesterol,

showing a markedly beneficial effect of hesperidin on the cholesterol metabolism. HDL-C CH animals had high levels of blood serum HDL-C (35%) compared to the C group, while CS, IS, CSH and ISH also showed increased levels of HDL-C, suggesting that both hesperidin Phloretin and exercise had a positive effect on HDL-C (Table 2). Lipid hydroperoxide (TBARS assay) There was a marked increase of lipid peroxidation (around 60%) observed in IS rats in comparison to all groups. This result suggests that the intensity of the interval exercise promoted a higher oxidative stress, but this effect was attenuated by the hesperidin, as we observed in the ISH group (Table 2). Antioxidant capacity (DPPH assay) Blood serum antioxidant capacity was over 2.8-fold higher in CSH compared to CS, but between the IS and ISH groups no difference was observed (Table 2). Discussion Exercise training intervention is a low-risk conduct that has been designed as adjuvant treatment for chronic illnesses for many decades, but the combination of regular exercise with bioactive compounds to reduce chronic diseases risk factors has been a recent approach suggested in the literature [24, 25].