6 Da, decoy

database search activated: strict false-discovery rate [FDR] 0.01, relaxed FDR 0.05). An additional search was employed against the NCBI human nonredundant database using the Open Mass Spectrometry Search Algorithm. CE-MS measurements revealed high variability in the composition of the low molecular weight proteome in the range of 0.8 to 10 kDa. An average of 1,680 peptides (minimum 469, maximum 3,309) was detected in the 0.8-10 kDa mass range of 1 mg/mL-diluted bile by CE-MS. This high variability in peptide composition necessitates normalization of peptide amplitudes as described in Patients and Methods. A training set of 50 samples from choledocholithiasis Palbociclib clinical trial (n = 16), PSC (n = 18), and CC (n = 16) patients was used for the identification of differentially expressed peptides (Fig. 1). We evaluated the data with respect to marker candidates with Wilcoxon P-values < 0.05. This resulted in a list of 83 peptides for the differentiation of PSC/CC from choledocholithiasis and 90 for the differentiation of PSC from CC. On the basis of the two sets of preselected candidate peptide markers, peptide patterns were established to differentiate PSC and CC from choledocholithiasis (PSC/CC model), and in another model to distinguish mTOR inhibitor PSC from CC (CC model). These two models were chosen to construct independent classification schemes

for discrimination of sclerosing/malignant lesions from gallstones and of CC from PSC. The PSC/CC model was constructed by selection of 18 out of the 83 PSC/CC peptide marker candidates (Table 2), yielding best classification performance on the training set. This PSC/CC model differentiates PSC and CC from choledocholithiasis with an AUC of 0.90 (95% CI: 0.79-0.97, P = 0.0001) in ROC analysis after total cross-validation of training set data (not shown). In Fig. 2A the compiled CE-MS profiles of PSC/CC marker this website candidate distribution in patients with choledocholithiasis, PSC, and CC are shown representing disease-specific

signatures. Reliability of the PSC/CC peptide model was evaluated by classification of an independent set of 57 patient samples. As presented in Fig. 2B, the PSC/CC model showed an AUC of 0.93 (95% CI: 0.82-0.98, P = 0.0001) to differentiate choledocholithiasis from PSC and CC. At the best cutoff of 0.013 this resulted in correct classification of 12 from 14 choledocholithiasis and 40 from 43 PSC and CC bile samples (86% specificity and 93% sensitivity). For differentiation of PSC and CC, the CC model with 22 peptides (Table 3) was defined with an AUC of 1.0 (95% CI: 0.9-1.0, P < 0.0001) on the training set after cross-validation. Figure 3A displays the compiled CE-MS profiles of the peptides in the CC model for the PSC and CC training set. Applied to the independent set of samples, the CC model exhibited an AUC of 0.87 (95% CI: 0.73-0.95, P = 0.0001) in ROC analysis (Fig.