63 Some of these tests are time-consuming, and therefore not always appropriate for large screening studies, but the throughput of behavioral assessment has been markedly improved in recent years by the use of automated monitoring, computer data processing, and the development of dedicated software for behavioral analysis.64 TABLE I. Table I. Trametinib in vitro models or tests of anxiety in rodents. For a definition of tests vs models, see text. See also refs 95, 96. Adapted from

ref 54: Rodgers RJ. Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical Animal models of ‘anxiety’: where next? Behav Pharmacol. 1997;8:477-496. Copyright© Lippincott … How can we assess the validity of models? In the mid 1980s, Willner proposed three sets of criteria for assessing animal models of human mental disorders: predictive validity (performance in the

test predicts performance in the condition being modeled), face validity (phenomenological similarity), and construct validity (theoretical rationale).65 , 66 To these “classical” Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical criteria, we would like to add a new one, recently proposed by Mathias Schmidt in the context of animal models for Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical depression: the “population validity“ criterion.44 This is a specific extension of the ”face validity“ criterion: the occurrence rate of a disease-like phenotype in an (epi)genetically heterogeneous population should match the human situation (same odds ratio for that risk or predisposition factor). Thus, risk factors such as adverse early life events should only affect a subpopulation of more vulnerable individuals. Application of this criterion poses a number of problems, notably regarding Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical the number of animals which have to be used. However, the occurrence of anxiety disorders is quite

frequent (lifetime prevalence 15% to 30%) in the general population,67,68 and similar values can be expected in a rat or mice Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical population, as this has been shown for instance in animal models of PTSD.69 It would seem that application of the population validity criteria is probably essential if we want to develop models of anxiety disorders, and not only models of anxiety within the ”reaction norm“ (ie, in the normal adaptive range), although these models are still useful to delineate the biological and neural mechanisms Bay 11-7085 underlying ”normal“ anxiety, or to evaluate the efficacy of (pharmacological) treatments. Should models be based on clinical symptom classification? In our views, the obvious answer to that question is: no, or at least not exclusively. First, the classifications of psychiatric diseases (either with the DSM-IV or ICD-10 systems) remain essentially syndromic and is constantly being revised.70,71 Second, currently recognized categories of psychiatric disorders include heterogeneous populations of patients, with subpopulations featuring a great diversity in underlying (epi)genetic and other predisposition factors, neurobiological mechanisms, life history, and comorbidities.