Among them, 48 HCC liver tissues (24 males and 24 females) were u

Among them, 48 HCC liver tissues (24 males and 24 females) were used for screening the expression patterns of 29 miRNAs, including the paired tumorous and the adjacent nontumorous liver tissues from each patient. The nontumorous liver tissues from 13 focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH) patients (seven males and six females) were included as normal liver control in the current study. An additional 10 paired HBV-related male HCC samples were included for examining the relationship between androgen receptor (AR), tumor suppressor in lung cancer-1 gene (TSLC1),

and miR-216a clinically. And 22 dysplastic nodules were collected from eight HBV-related males, who received surgical resection for clinical diagnosis of HCC but postoperative pathology found dysplasia only for analyzing the expression of miR-216a. The resected surgical specimens were quickly KPT-330 chemical structure kept in liquid nitrogen until the protein and RNA extraction. The Institutional Review Board of National Taiwan University Hospital approved the

use of these archived tissues. The total RNA isolated from HepG2 cells was used for 5′ RACE to determine the transcriptional starting site (TSS) of pri-miR-216a using the SMARTer RACE complementary DNA (cDNA) amplification kit (ClonTech, Mountain View, CA) by following the manufacturer’s LY294002 mouse protocol. The pri-miR-216a-specific primers used for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) reaction were 216SP-R (for first PCR): 5′-CACAGTTGCCAGCTGAGATTAAGC-3′, and 216SP-NR (for nested PCR): 5′-AACTCACAGCCATCCGTGTTAGAC-3′. The PCR product was cloned into the yT&A vector (Yeastern Biotech, Taipei, Taiwan) by TA cloning and processed for sequencing analysis to determine the TSS of pri-miR-216a. We constructed five reporter plasmids, pGL3-216PA to pGL3-216PE, with the luciferase expression driven by different lengths of genomic regions upstream of selleck screening library TSS of pri-miR-216a. The

genomic fragments were amplified by primer sets as follows, using the genomic DNA from HepG2 cells as template. The same reverse primer was used for all the PCR reactions, 5′-AGCCTCGAGATGGCTAAGTGAGACTGAGC-3′ (with XhoI site underlined), and different forward primers were used for amplifying each construct as follows: 216PA, 5′-AGCGGTACCCACAGGGATGTAGAATGCAC-3′; 216PB, 5′-AGCGGTACCGTCATTCATGTTGCTCTGAG-3′; 216PC, 5′-AGCGGTACCCTTAGGAGTCCATATGAGGC-3′; 216PD, 5′-AGCGGTACCACAGTGCCAACACTTGGAAG-3′; 216PE, 5′-AGCGGTACCGGTCTAGTATGAAGTGAAGC-3′ (with KpnI site underlined). The amplified DNA fragments were cloned into the KpnI/XhoI sites of the pGL3-basic vector (Promega, Madison, WI). Two mutant constructs for pGL3-216PD, mut-1 and mut-2, were constructed by introducing the specific mutations using the QuikChange XL Site-Directed Mutagenesis Kit (Stratagene, Cedar Creek, TX).

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