Double mutants exhibited a similar phenotype to cprecA single mutants. The cprecA mutants also exhibited an increased amount of single-stranded cpDNA, consistent with impaired RecA function. After four generations,

the cprecA mutant plants showed signs of reduced chloroplast function: variegation and necrosis. Double-stranded breaks in cpDNA of wild-type plants caused by ciprofloxacin (an inhibitor of Escherichia coli gyrase, a type II topoisomerase) Captisol nmr led to an alteration of cpDNA structure that was similar to that seen in cprecA mutants. It is concluded that the process by which damaged DNA is repaired in bacteria has been retained in their endosymbiotic descendent, the chloroplast.”
“Menstrual toxic shock syndrome (MTSS) is a severe toxin-mediated disease associated with Staphylococcus aureus producing toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (TSST-1), a superantigen that mediates

a potent activation of V beta-2 T cells. In animal models, superantigen treatment of responsive T cells induces their initial proliferation, followed by unresponsiveness upon further superantigen stimulation. To determine whether T cell unresponsiveness occurs in humans during the acute phase of MTSS, we collected T cells from a patient with MTSS and restimulated them ex vivo with recombinant TSST-1. The expansion of T cells collected during the acute phase of disease was compared with positive controls GNS-1480 supplier including basal-state T cells (collected 70 days after MTSS) restimulated with TSST-1,

and T cells stimulated with enterotoxin B superantigen. We found that TSST-1-induced expansion of acute phase T cells was not inferior to that observed in positive controls. We conclude that T cells were still reactive to TSST-1 during the acute phase of MTSS in this patient. As the persistence of TSST-1 production could thus be associated with further expansion of TSST-1-reactive T cells and a rapid worsening of symptoms, this study adds further support to the need for immediate Epacadostat eradication of the focus of infection as soon as MTSS is suspected.”
“High-pressure behaviors of bixbyite-type cubic In2O3 nanocrystals with an average grain size of 6.0 nm and bulk In2O3 samples were investigated by in situ high-pressure synchrotron radiation x-ray diffraction measurements up to 40 GPa at ambient temperature. It was found that nanosized and bulk samples began to transform from cubic into hexagonal structure at about 15-25 GPa and extended up to 40 GPa. Both cubic and hexagonal phases remained after pressure release. Below the onset transition pressure, the nanosized samples were harder to compress with a larger bulk modulus of 296.06 GPa than the bulk samples with a bulk modulus of 178.87 GPa. VC 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.