Furthermore, mitochondrial OXPHOS and oxidative stress measurements in PBMCs may not necessarily reflect mitochondrial dysfunction in the dorsal root ganglion or sural nerves. Nevertheless, some important conclusions are possible. The correlation of ENFD to previously established

risk factors for neuropathy, namely age and height, lends credibility to ENFD as a valid predictive marker of neuropathy risk. Lower CD4 cell counts BTK inhibitor screening library and higher OXPHOS CIV activity levels are found in association with subclinical peripheral nerve damage in HIV-infected ARV-naïve individuals with moderate to severe HIV immunodeficiency. Whether HAART regimens with less mitochondrial toxicity can repair such damage has yet to be determined. Furthermore, pre-existing

subclinical ENFD damage may have clinical consequences if it lowers the threshold for the development of clinical neuropathy upon exposure to d4T or other neurotoxic medications Rucaparib and conditions. The authors wish to thank the patients for their participation in this study. Additionally, we would like to acknowledge the specific contributions to the study by Stephen J. Kerr, Patcharawee Rungrojrat, Somsong Teeratakulpisarn, and Tippawan Pankam from SEARCH/TRCARC and Daniel E. LiButti, Julia Choi and Heidi Fink from the University of Hawaii. The biostatistician for the study was Victor DeGruttola, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA. Funding was received from the Thai Government Pharmaceutical Organization, the National Institute of Health [R01NS063932 (CMS), R01AI074554 (MG),

and P20RR011091 U54RR026136], Gilead Sciences, and MitoScience Inc. [P30MH075673 (JCM) and NS44807 (JCM)]. “
“Antiretroviral (ARV) therapy has prolonged the life expectancy of HIV-infected persons, increasing their risk of age-associated diseases, including atherosclerosis (AS). Decreased risk of AS has been associated with the prevention and control of hypertension (HTN). We conducted a cohort study of perimenopausal women and older men with or at risk of HIV infection to identify risk factors CYTH4 for incident HTN. Standardized interviews, physical examinations, and laboratory examinations were scheduled at 6-month intervals. Interview data included demographics, medical, family, sexual behaviour and drug use histories, and physical activity. There were 330 women and 329 men eligible for inclusion in the study; 27% and 35% of participants developed HTN during a median follow-up period of 1080 and 1071 days, respectively. In gender-stratified analysis, adjusting for traditional HTN risk factors (age, race, body mass index, smoking, diabetes, family history of HTN, alcohol dependence, physical activity and high cholesterol), HIV infection was not associated with incident HTN in women [hazard ratio (HR) 1.31; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.56, 3.06] or men (HR 1.67; 95% CI 0.75, 3.74).