g. WHO IV, USA ONS II). This perspective implies the search for strategies of need-satisfaction rather than of symptom “sedation”. A3 – Being assisted by a staff in order to make the process of dying more comfortable (both physical and psychological) In general, accepting the

palliative care goal of making the dying process as easy as possible, Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical the documents highlight the role of a multidisciplinary team, with special knowledge and skills, in order to deal with the problems and needs of the patients and of their families. B – RELATIONAL AND SOCIAL AREA B1 – Respect of cultural values and individual protein inhibitor preferences Among the most important elements of caring are the acknowledgement of personal, social, religious Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical and cultural values and beliefs, of both patients and families, as well as the patients’ choices about the end-of-life caring. This implies paying special attention to their identification, and respecting and not judging them. One of the documents (i.e. AUSTRALIA PCA II) suggests that also deliberate requests of ending life have to be respected, should they reflect

the patient’s wishes. Another document (i.e. USA AAFP I) advocates for the availability of instruments that might permit the empowerment of the patients and the respect Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical of their choices. B2 – Emotional support provided to the family This is a common topic in the relational and social area. Family, in fact, is an object of care, selleckbio together with the patient. Family must be supported also after patient’s death. Some documents (e.g. USA AAP, UK NCPC, UK SC, AUSTRALIA AMA) emphasize the Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical importance of a support that should include specific measures such as counselling, in order to help the family to successfully cope with the patient’s illness B3 – Good communication between patient/families/close friends/caring staff Communication is a crucial element of care. It must be open, honest, understandable, and must be given in an atmosphere of sensitivity and compassion with adequate emotional support. At the end-of-life, communication Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical concerns the symptoms, their cause and treatment options, as well as issues related to death and dying. Some documents

(e.g. USA ASCO II) claim for a health professionals’ specific training. One of the documents points out that nurses Brefeldin_A should advocate for the communication of the patient’s preferences across the various health-care settings (i.e. CANADA CNA). B4 – Having close people nearby/Family acceptance of the patient’s condition/Not feeling a burden for family and friends Family is acknowledged as a crucial element of end-of-life care, but this care must not become an unbearable burden. The care must be freely and consciously accepted and carried out by the relatives. The appropriate climate for a dying person ought comprehend the following elements: physical and emotional closeness; acceptance of death; providing the patient does not feel her/himself as a burden for the caregivers.