However, the validity Of using this

dose-response model is controversial because evidence accumulated over the past decade has indicated that living organisms, including humans, respond differently to low dose/low dose-rate radiation than they do to high dose/high dose-rate radiation. These BMS-754807 important responses to low dose/low close-rate radiation are the radiation-induced adaptive response, the bystander response, low-dose hypersensitivity, and genomic instability. The mechanisms underlying these responses often involve biochemical and molecular signals generated in response to targeted and non-targeted events. In order to define and understand the bystander response to provide a basis for the understanding of non-targeted events and to elucidate the mechanisms involved, recent sophisticated research has been conducted with X-ray microbeams and charged heavy particle microbeams, and these studies have produced many new observations.

Based on these observations, associations have been suggested to exist between the radioadaptive and bystander responses. The present review focuses on these two phenomena, and summarizes see more observations supporting their existence, and discusses the linkage between them in light of recent results obtained from experiments utilizing microbeams.”
“The spectral responses of back-illuminated p-i-n AlGaN ultraviolet photodetector under different bias voltage are investigated. The device structure is composed of p-GaN/ p-Al(0.3)Ga(0.7)N/i-Al(0.3)

Ga(0.7)N/n-Al(0.6)Ga(0.4)N and Ohmic contacts, where the p-GaN layer is very thin. There are two peaks in the spectral response of photocurrent located at 350 and 290 nm, respectively. It is found that in check details some devices the relative intensity and phase of these two peaks may change strongly with applied forward bias. A detailed analysis suggests that the possible Schottky-type-like behavior of metal and p-GaN contact and an unsatisfactory doping of p-GaN and p-AlGaN are responsible for the abnormal phenomenon. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3629987]“
“High refractive index polymer films have been extensively investigated because of their wide application potentials. We now designed thiophene-containing polystyrene as colorless and transparent high-refractive-index thin film. The copolystyrenes were synthesized by general radical polymerization with controlled mole ratios 0 : 10, 1 : 9, 3 : 7, 5 : 5, 7 : 3, 9 : 1, 10 : 0 (styrene : p-bromostyrene), respectively. Next, the thiophene-containing polystyrenes were synthesized by Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reaction. The chemical structures of synthesized thiophene-containing polystyrene in accordance with ratios were confirmed by using H-1-NMR, C-13-NMR, and FTIR.