In addition, an increase in licking response was detected when 4 rnM of the peptide was injected alone without formalin. On the other hand, the central administration of TLQP-21 induced an U-shaped curve, with the dose of 2 mM being analgesic during the second phase. This study shows for the first time that a VGF-derived peptide may be involved in inflammatory pain in vivo and demonstrates a different action for TLQP21 at the peripheral and central levels of the nociceptive pathways. (c) 2008 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“1. The lizard genus Plestiodon (Scincidae; learn more formerly
Eumeces) is widespread in North America and Asia, but the thermal biology of only a few species has been studied.
2. We measured several Verubecestat mouseMK-8931 chemical structure thermal physiological traits in Plestiodon gilberti, among the few measurements of temperature sensitivity in a North American scincid lizard.
3. Critical thermal minimum (7.7 degrees C) and maximum (42.3 degrees C), preferred body temperature (31.5 degrees C), and optimal
temperature for sprinting (34.1 degrees C) were very similar to published values for several Asian species of Plestiodon.
4. These results suggest that thermal physiology in Plestiodon lizards may be evolutionarily conserved over large temporal and spatial scales. (c) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“HIF-1 is believed to play a critical role in hypoxia/ischemia (H/I) preconditioning protection in neonatal brain. Recently, it has been shown that hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) may contribute to H/I preconditioning in rat primary neurons. We hypothesize that H2O2 produced during H/I preconditioning may increase HIF-1 alpha protein expression and contribute to H/I preconditioning protection in the immature brain. To test this hypothesis, we used 6-8 days in vitro (DIV) primary cortical neurons from embryonic day 16 CD1 mouse brains and preconditioned them with 10 min of oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) or exogenous H2O2 at doses from 5 to 50 mu M. Both OGD and low dose H2O2 (15 mu M) preconditioning
provided neuronal protection 24 h later against a 2 h OGD insult. Cell survival was 34.9 +/- 1.8% and Low-density-lipoprotein receptor kinase 35.8 +/- 3.8% with OGD and H2O2 preconditioning respectively vs. 20.0 +/- 0.4% without preconditioning (P < 0.01). After OGD preconditioning, HIF-1 (x protein increased at 4 h and peaked at 8 h, then declined at 18 h and increased again to reach another peak at 32 h. HIF-1 a protein following H2O2 preconditioning increased at 8 h and peaked at 32 h. For both preconditioning paradigms, HIF-1 a expression level declined to baseline at 72 h. Our results suggest that low levels of H2O2 may up-regulate HIF-1 alpha protein and thereby mediate H/I preconditioning protection. (c) 2008 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.