In both cases, simulations show that FF individuals become rare in the population VE-822 datasheet at high abundance and/or long generation time. Protandry restricted to the MF heterozygote maintains sex ratio stability over a wider range of generation times and abundances than the alternatives, suggesting that sex determination based on a male-dominant allele (MM/MF) may not be the optimal solution to the genetic basis for protandry in Crassostrea. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“During a critical
period, unilateral retinal lesions induce rapid axonal sprouting of intact axons into denervated territories within the collicular visual layers. We investigated the effect of caffeine, a non-selective A(1) and A(2a) antagonist, upon the lesion-induced plasticity of retinotectal axons. Pigmented rats submitted to a temporal retinal lesion received either caffeine (30 mg/kg, ip) or saline treatment. The anterograde tracing revealed that caffeine treatment during the critical period resulted in
a clear reduction on the sprouting of ipsilateral fibers but to an amplification of the plasticity after PND21, thus revealing opposite effects depending on the developmental time window. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd and the Japan Neuroscience Society. All rights reserved.”
“Common carp accounts for a substantial proportion of global freshwater aquaculture JQ-EZ-05 manufacturer production. Koi herpes virus (KHV), a highly virulent disease affecting carp that emerged in the late 1990s, is a serious threat to this industry. After a fish is infected with KHV, there is a temperature dependent delay before it becomes
infectious, and a further delay before mortality. Consequently, KHV epidemiology is driven by seasonal changes in water temperature. Also, it has been proposed that outbreaks could be controlled by responsive management of water temperature in aquaculture setups. We use a mathematical model to analyse the effect of seasonal temperature cycles on KHV epidemiology, and the impact of attempting to control outbreaks by disrupting this cycle. We show that, although disease progression is fast in summer and slow in winter, total mortality over a 2-year Amyloid precursor protein secretase period is similar for outbreaks that start in either season. However, for outbreaks that start in late autumn, mortality may be low and immunity high. A single bout of water temperature management can be an effective outbreak control strategy if it is started as soon as dead fish are detected and maintained for a long time. It can also be effective if the frequency of infectious fish is used as an indicator for the beginning of treatment. In this case, however, there is a risk that starting the treatment too soon will increase mortality relative to the case when no treatment is used. This counterproductive effect can be avoided if multiple bouts of temperature management are used.