Moreover, to study the biological selleck products implication of the presence of the OmpA-like domain we tested the ability of PIII to mediate adhesion to epithelial cells and we showed that PIII facilitates bacterial adhesion to human epithelial cells derived from the female and male genital tracts suggesting a possible role in gonococcal colonization. Results Lack of PIII has no effect on bacterial shape and membrane perturbation To investigate the role of PIII in the physiology of N. gonorrhoeae, an F62ΔpIII isogenic mutant was generated by replacing the pIII gene with an erythromycin resistance

cassette. Lack of PIII expression in F62ΔpIII strain was verified by Western blot analysis on whole cell extract (data not shown) and by confocal microscopy with mouse anti-PIII polyclonal antibodies. The results, reported in Figure 1A, show that PIII is widely distributed on the F62 bacterial surface. As expected, no membrane staining was observed in the F62ΔpIII mutant strain (Figure 1B). Figure 1 Localization of pIII protein on the surface of F62 strains. Confocal microscopy analysis of F62 wild-type (A) and F62ΔpIII knock-out HDAC inhibitor strains (B). DNA was stained with DAPI (blue) whereas

PIII protein was labeled with mouse anti-PIII antibodies, followed by Alexa Fluor 568 dye antibody (red). Transmission electron microscopy by negative staining of the wild type F62 versus the F62ΔpIII mutant strain shows that absence of PIII protein Dapagliflozin does not cause any alteration in bacterial size and shape (Figure 2). Moreover, sensitivity to detergent like SDS, Triton X-100 and deoxycholate, tested by paper disk diffusion inhibiting assays, www.selleckchem.com/products/PLX-4720.html was identical for the two strains. The MICs (minimal inhibitory concentrations) were 0.12% for SDS, 0.06% for Triton X-100 and 0.03% for deoxycholate for both, wild- type and knock-out strains confirming the hypothesis that the loss of PIII does not induce any perturbation in membrane resistance and/or membrane structure. Figure 2 Negative

staining and TEM analysis of F62 wild-type (A) and F62Δ pIII (B) strains. The sizes of diplococci from the wild type and mutant strains are 2.296 ± 0.0819 μM and 2.275 ± 0.075 μM, respectively. Values are the mean ± SEM from 20 images for each strain. Lack of PIII does not alter the expression of the main membrane proteins but influences the membrane localization of NG1873 Since the meningococcal orthologous of PIII, RmpM, is part of heterooligomeric complexes of the outer membrane with a possible stabilizing function on meningococcal membrane [14–16, 21], we verified whether the deletion of the pIII gene causes any alteration on outer membrane composition. Western blot analysis on outer membranes (OM) confirmed the absence of the PIII protein in the mutant strain (Figure 3A) and showed that the levels of expression of pili, porin 1b, Opa proteins and OpaB variant were unchanged in F62ΔpIII strain compared to the wild-type (Figure 3B).