“
“Purpose of review

Here, we review recent advances and new insights in mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) biology (signalling pathway, kidney biology and immune system), and recent clinical data on mTOR inhibitors related to solid organ transplantation.

Recent findings

The mTOR pathway is a major integrator of signals governing protein and lipid biosynthesis CT99021 price and growth factor-driven cell cycle progression. Recent findings have emphasized a critical role of mTOR in cellular homeostasis with a crucial role in podocyte function. Beyond CD8(+) and

regulatory T-cell control, mTOR protein is involved in critical biological functions of T helper cells or dendritic cells. New specific inhibitors of mTORC1/C2 are available and shed new light on mTOR functions. Finally, clinical trials have better defined the use of mTOR inhibitors and emphasized their role in cancer prevention.

Summary

The mTOR pathway is considered as a key integrator of multiple inputs that drives numerous biological processes in cell biology. mTOR inhibitors are

potent immunosuppressive drugs for solid organ transplantation. Newly designed specific inhibitors of mTOR complex 1 and 2 offer promising therapeutic effects and a better understanding of the pathway. Many conditions may benefit from mTOR inhibition for a short period, but tolerance of treatment in a chronic selleck screening library setting remains a major concern.”
“Purpose

of review

Chronic renal allograft damage is one of the main problems after kidney transplantation. This review enumerates causes, describes available therapeutic options, and discusses options of the future.

Recent findings

Alloantigen-dependent and alloantigen-independent factors are responsible for allograft damage. Prevention of renal allograft damage starts with interventions that occur surrounding the explantation in cadaveric organs. These include the use of dopamine or machine perfusion systems.

Followed by the critical phase of ischemia/reperfusion injury, the LCN2/lipocalin-2, HAVCR1, and p38 MAPK pathway are new players involved in selleck chemicals llc that process. Innate immunity plays a part, too. Cold ischemia time is associated with genes of apoptosis. Nondonor-specific antibodies like antihuman leukocyte antibodies-Ia or angiotensin type 1 receptor may also play a role. Recent research indicates that genetic polymorphism like the Ficolin-2 Ala258Ser polymorphism and the mannose-binding lectin-2 polymorphism are involved in that process. New therapeutic options are rare and in the future. However, there is some evidence that drugs interfering with metalloproteinases, sexual hormones like dihydroandrosterone, and mesenchymal stem cell therapy may be of importance.