The different receptor subtypes binding affinities seem to result in different biological and clinical KU-57788 supplier activities. Octreotide is, for instance, 45 times more potent in inhibiting growth hormone (GH) secretion and 11 times more potent in inhibiting glucagon secretion than native SST [10]. Table 3 Somatostatin receptor subtype-binding

affinity of somatostatin analogues. Receptor subtype affinity [IC50, nM] Compound SSTR1 SSTR2 SSTR3 SSTR4 SSTR5 SMS-14 2.26 0.23 1.43 1.77 0.88 SMS-28 1.85 0.31 1.3 ND 0.4 Octreotide 1140 0.56 34 7030 7 Lanreotide 2330 0.75 107 2100 5.2 Pasireotide 9.3 1 1.5 >100 0.16 SMS, Somatostatin; ND, not determined. [Data from Grozinsky-Glasberg S., Endocrine-Related Cancer 2008 Sep;15[3]:701-20]. The symptomatic and biochemical effects of SST analogues The initial treatment

of GEP NETs is, where possible, always an aggressive surgical approach, aimed at obtaining a curative tumour ablation, even in the Selleck AZD9291 presence of metastatic disease. However, in patients with functioning or metastatic tumours, the treatment goal is to improve their quality of life, while monitoring or alleviating the tumour-associated symptoms and increasing survival. Recently, the diagnostic and therapeutic approach of GEP NETs has considerably improved, mainly due to better imaging techniques (CT, MRI, MLN2238 cost PET) and somatostatin analogue-based imaging methods, as well as receptor subtype characterisation and the introduction of long-acting

somatostatin analogues. Somatostatin receptor scintigraphy (SRS, OctreoScan®), PLEK2 (e.g. 111In-pentetreotide) can visualise in vivo tumours and metastases that express the somatostatin receptor subtypes 2, 3 or 5 [16] except for metastatic insulinomas, of which only 50% express SSTR 2. Imaging by SRS is not dependent on endocrine function of a NET but is determined by the tumour’s endowment of SSTRs. This somatostatin analogue-based imaging method may help to decide which patients are suitable for treatment with somatostatin analogues (octreotide or lanreotide), or for tumour-targeted radioactive therapy with radiolabelled somatostatin analogues [13, 17–22]. Its overall is high, ranging from 86% to 95% for gut carcinoid tumours to 75-100% for pancreatic endocrine tumours [21, 22]. The uptake of radiolabeled octreotide is also predictive of clinical response to therapy with somatostatin analogues. Since 1980, SST analogues have been used to symptomatically control GEP NETs, especially carcinoids and VIPomas [11, 13]. Usually, the treatment with long acting preparations of SST analogues consists in an intramuscular injection (i.m.) every 2 or 4 weeks (octreotide long-lasting, 10-30 mg, LAR; lanreotide long-lasting 60-120 mg LA).