The latter was achieved MAPK Inhibitor Library in vivo by generation of mixed BM chimeras through reconstitution of lethally irradiated WT recipient mice

with an equal mixture of B7-deficient (CD80−/−CD86−/−) BM 18 and CD11c:DTA (CD45.1) BM 15. For controls, we included mice reconstituted with a mixture of B7− and WT (CD45.1) BM or CD11c:DTA, B7− and WT BM only (Fig. 2A). In the resulting mixed [B7−/CD11c:DTA>WT ] BM chimeras, wt cDC are constantly ablated due to DTA expression. The cDC compartment of these animals thus consists exclusively of CD80−/−CD86−/− cDC. On the contrary, B cells and other hematopoetic cells in these animals are composed of both B7-proficient and -deficient cells, whereas nonhematopoetic cells, including the radio-resistant thymic epithelium, are exclusively of WT recipient genotype. Notably, the specific absence of CD80−/−CD86−/− from cDC in [B7−/CD11c:DTA>wt] BM chimeras had no effect on the percentages

of thymic Foxp3+ Treg out of single-positive CD4+ thymocytes (Fig. 2B). This corroborates earlier notions that mTEC and other, BM-derived APC can mediate the generation of nTreg in the thymus via B7 interactions 7, 19 and that thymic DC are dispensable for the generation of nTreg 14, 15. On the contrary, Roxadustat purchase peripheral Foxp3+ Treg in [CD11c:DTA>WT] chimeras, constitutively lacking cDC, and [B7−>WT] chimeras lacking CD80/CD86

expression on all BM-derived cells displayed markedly reduced Treg frequencies, when compared with [WT>WT] control chimeras (Fig. 2C and D). Moreover, importantly, the specific absence of CD80/CD86 on cDC, in the mixed [B7−/CD11c:DTA>wt] BM chimeras, also resulted in more than twofold reduction of peripheral Foxp3+ Treg. In contrast, mixed [B7−/WT>WT] BM chimeras retaining both B7-proficient and -deficient cDC displayed Mirabegron elevated percentages of Foxp3+ Treg, as compared with [B7−/CD11c:DTA>wt] chimeras (Fig. 2C and D). It is worth noting that the only difference between these two groups of mixed BM chimeras is the absence of CD80/CD86-proficient cDC in [B7−/CD11c:DTA>wt] chimeras. To substantiate our findings, we next generated mixed chimeras using BM of B7− mice (CD45.2) and CD11c-DTR mice (CD45.1) that allow for the conditional ablation of cDC 20. The resulting chimeras harbor a mixed DC-compartment consisting of DTx-sensitive WT DC and DTx-resistant B7− DC. DTx injection which leaves the chimeras only with CD80/CD86-deficient cDC resulted in a reduction of peripheral Treg (Fig. 2E).