This tool can be used by cassava breeders screening for disease resistance; scientists doing virus diagnostic studies; phytosanitary officers checking movement of diseased planting materials, and seed certification and multipliers for virus indexing. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Cicer

microphyllum, a wild relative of cultivated chickpea, is a high altitude cold desert-adapted species distributed in western and trans-Himalayas. A complementary DNA (cDNA) encoding metallothionein-like protein has been identified from a cold-induced subtraction cDNA library buy Selisistat from C. microphyllum. The sequence of the cloned metallothionein gene from C. microphyllum (GQ900702) contains 240-bp-long open reading frame and encodes predicted 79-amino acid protein of 7.9 kDa. BAY 11-7082 nmr Sequence analysis identified the motifs characteristic of type II metallothionein and designated as CmMet-2. Southern hybridization confirms a single copy of the CmMet-2 gene in C. microphyllum genome. In situ hybridization indicated spatial transcript regulation of CmMet-2 in root and aerial parts and also confirmed through real-time PCR-based quantitative transcript

analysis. The data revealed a significantly low level of transcript in the aerial parts than the roots. Quantitative analysis using real-time PCR assay revealed induction of transcript in all parts of plants in response to cold stress at 4A degrees C. The transcript abundance was found to increase exponentially with time course from 6 to 24 h after exposure. Further, regulation of transcript

accumulation in response to abscisic acid application, polyethylene glycol (100 mu M)-induced osmotic stress, or ZnSO4 (1 mu M) foliar spray indicated by Northern hybridization suggests the involvement of CmMet-2 in multiple stress response.”
“Fixation of mutations in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), such as those conferring drug resistance and immune escape, can result in a change in replication fitness. AZD5582 mouse To assess these changes, a real-time TaqMan PCR detection assay and statistical methods for data analysis were developed to estimate sensitively relative viral fitness in competitive viral replication experiments in cell culture. Chimeric viruses with the gene of interest in an HIV-1(NL4-3) backbone were constructed in two forms, vifA (native vif gene in NL4-3) and vifB (vif gene with six synonymous nucleotide differences from vifA). Subsequently, mutations of interest were introduced into the chimeric viruses in NL4-3VifA backbones, and the mutants were competed against the chimera with the isogenic viral sequence in the NL4-3VifB backbone in cell culture. In order to assess subtle fitness differences, culture supernatants were sampled longitudinally, and the viruses differentially quantified using vifA- and vifB-specific primers in real-time PCR assays.