01, n = 6). The recovery in PSs, not that in fEPSPs, was exacerbated by adenosine, adenosine A1-receptor agonist and A2a-receptor antagonist (p < 0.01, n = 6). The effects of edrophonium were blocked by non-, M2- and M4-selective muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonists (p < 0.01, n = 6). Excessive glutamate depresses glutamatergic excitatory synaptic transmissions, which are

exacerbated by muscarinic acetylcholine receptor stimulation but improved by adenosine A1 receptor block. Somatic excitability is impaired by excessive glutamate with adenosine A1 receptor stimulation. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ireland Ltd and the Japan Neuroscience Society. All rights reserved.”
“Glycolipids buy LY294002 act as receptors for a wide range of antibodies, lectins and microbes. It has long been recognised that the local topography of glycolipids in the plasma membrane is critical to these recognition events, although the biological basis for this has been relatively under-investigated. Within the last five years, emerging evidence indicates that hetero-dimeric clusters of different glycolipids can form highly distinct and specific epitopes for antibody and lectin binding. The initial observation that these

ganglioside complexes (GSC) could either dramatically enhance or equally well inhibit the binding of neuropathy sera has now been reproduced for a number of other lectins, including siglecs and bacterial toxins. Here we review the initial discovery of GSC as antibody binding domains and the subsequent studies delineating their broader functional importance. Potential mechanisms underlying these effects are considered, although much remains CUDC-907 mouse to be investigated and explained. However, the implications for this field are potentially widespread, ranging from glycoarray design, structural biology and membrane biophysics, through to the biological consequences of new glycolipid complex organisation in plasma membranes. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“This study assesses prevalence and patients characteristics related to polypharmacy

in a sample of nursing home residents.

We conducted a cross-sectional analysis on 4,023 nursing home residents participating to the Services and Health for Elderly in Long TERm care (SHELTER) project, a study collecting information on residents admitted to 57 nursing home in 8 countries. Data were collected using the interRAI instrument for long-term care facilities. Polypharmacy status was categorized in 3 groups: non-polypharmacy (0-4 drugs), polypharmacy (5-9 drugs) and excessive polypharmacy (>= 10 drugs).

Polypharmacy was observed in 2,000 (49.7%) residents and excessive polypharmacy in 979 (24.3%) residents. As compared with non-polypharmacy, excessive polypharmacy was directly associated not only with presence of chronic diseases but also with depression (odds ratio [OR] 1.81; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.38-2.37), pain (OR 2.31; 95% CI 1.