5% vs 56. 0% VO2 max). There was also a statistically non-significant trend (p = 0.09) for greater relative change in lactate threshold in both GPLC

groups (1 g, 10.3%; 3 g, 8.8%) compared with the placebo group (3.5%). There was no difference in muscle carnitine measures between study groups following eight weeks of supplementation. Selleckchem SHP099 The results of the present investigation do not directly selleckchem conflict with the findings of the Webb et al. study. The testing protocol used in the present study differed substantially from the graded incremental treadmill protocol used in the Webb report. However, an increased work capacity to lactate threshold was associated with GPLC in those treadmill assessments. The reported lack of anaerobic benefits of GPLC in the Webb

study was based on performance of a single 30-sec Wingate sprint. The present investigation applied repeated 10-sec sprints, and found no significant differences between groups in the first two sprints. It was only during the third, fourth, and fifth sprints that the GPLC condition produced significantly more power output and with less lactate accumulation. It is possible to establish a plausible mechanistic explanation using 1) the performance Stem Cells & Wnt inhibitor outcomes of the present investigation in combination with 2) previously established mechanisms of the underlying carnitine molecules, and 3) recent reports of increased muscle carnitine levels via insulin infusion. The authors of the present study propose that GPLC provides theoretical advantages by way of replenishment

of carnitine stores which generally decline during stressful exercise and the inclusion of an additional energy source, via characteristics that are unique to this molecularly bonded form of carnitine. First, the vasodilatory effects associated with increased NO are seen as the critical action responsible for these impressive findings. Prior studies have generally Phospholipase D1 indicated that L-carnitine does not provide performance benefits, which usually was attributed to the inability to significantly increase resting muscle carnitine concentrations. The exception to that rule has been with increased insulin levels which are known to modulate the NO pathway. It is proposed that GPLC provides a means to elevate blood flow during vigorous exercise via increased production of NO. Reduced vasotension and relaxed capillary sphincters allow considerably elevated local blood flow into the capillary bed thereby providing an enhanced exchange of nutrients and metabolic products. The walls of capillaries are composed of a single layer of endothelium cells without the smooth musculature found in terminal arterioles. Capillaries are surrounded by several muscle fibers within the same motor unit thereby providing direct interface with the blood system and the nutrients it carries.