In principle, the integrated intensity of the ML can be sufficien

In principle, the integrated intensity of the ML can be sufficiently low (at still satisfactory signal/noise ratio) that closure of so-called inactive PS II (Lavergne #Emricasan molecular weight randurls[1|1|,|CHEM1|]# and Leci 1993) is avoided. In most experiments, however, FR background light is applied to establish reproducible control conditions in terms of an oxidized plastoquinone (PQ) pool and state 1 (Mullineaux and Emlyn-Jones 2005). FR preillumination results in a rapid small fluorescence increase (about 10 % of F o) due to the response of “inactive PS II” and a more or less pronounced slow rise of F o (t 1/2 in the order of 5 min) reflecting a state 2-state 1 shift (depending

on type of cells, temperature, etc.).

The fluorescence yield of an illuminated sample, F, normally is measured at substantially higher frequency of pulse-modulated ML (measuring light frequency, MF, 1–100 kHz) than in the case of F o, with correspondingly enhanced signal/noise ratio and time resolution. Consequently, ML normally contributes significantly to overall actinic intensity, which is accounted for in the PAR value indicated by the user software (see below). In the experiments described in this communication, photons of ML and AL/MT/ST are fully equivalent, as the same colors (batches of LED-chips) were used for all of AP26113 molecular weight them. Slow changes of fluorescence yield were measured in the SP-analysis mode of the software program (PamWin-3). Fluorescence yields F m and \( F^\prime_\textm \) were

measured with 300 ms SP width. Based on the measured Rebamipide values of F o, F m, F, and \( F^\prime_\textm \) the PamWin-3 program automatically calculates maximal and effective PS II quantum yields, F v/F m, and Y(II), respectively, as well as various other derived fluorescence parameters (Klughammer and Schreiber 2008; Kramer et al. 2004; van Kooten and Snel 1990). Light response curves (LC) of relative ETR (rel.ETR) were recorded with the help of Light Curve Program files (lcp-files) programmed for the different colors of light. In general, the same colors were used for ML and AL. Step width at each intensity setting was 3 min. The low-intensity steps were covered by ML at high settings of pulse-frequency. Before start of the LC, samples were dark-adapted for 30 min in the presence of weak FR background light (minimal setting 1) and O–I 1 rise curves were recorded for assessment of Sigma(II)λ, the absorption cross section of PS II (see below). Dark–light–dark induction/recovery curves were measured under the control of Script-file programmed for this purpose. With the help of Script-files, practically all commands that can be carried out manually, can also be programmed with defined time steps between consecutive commands, for fully automated recording.

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