7%] vs 280/883 [31.7%], 1.53, 1.26-1.86, p<0.0001), absolute benefit of 90 (46-135) per 1000

people treated, and mRS 0-1 (283/896 [31.6%] vs 202/883 [22.9%], 1.61, 1.30-1.90; p<0.0001), absolute benefit 87 (46-128) per 1000 treated. Numbers of deaths within 7 days were increased (250/2807 [8.9%] click here vs 174/2728 [6.4%], 1.44, 1.18-1.76; p=0.0003), but by final follow-up the excess was no longer significant (679/3548 [19.1%] vs 640/3464 [18.5%], 1.06, 0.94-1.20; p=0.33). Symptomatic intracranial haemorrhage (272/3548 [7.7%] vs 63/3463 [1.8%], 3.72, 2.98-4.64; p<0.0001) accounted for most of the early excess deaths. Patients older than 80 years achieved similar benefit to those aged 80 years or younger, particularly when treated early.

Interpretation The evidence indicates that intravenous rt-PA increased the proportion of patients who were alive with favourable outcome and alive and independent at final follow-up. Caspase inhibitor The data strengthen previous evidence to treat patients as early as possible after acute ischaemic stroke, although some patients might benefit up to 6 h after stroke.”
“Background. Central to understanding of the behavioural consequences

of depression has been the theory that the disorder is accompanied by an increased sensitivity to negative compared with positive reinforcement (negative bias), whereas other theorists have emphasized a global reduction in sensitivity to reinforcement in depression (blunting).

Method. In this study, we used a probabilistic selection task that was designed to examine independently rates of learning to predict both positive and negative reinforcement. Twenty-three depressed out-patients and 23 healthy controls from the local population participated in the study.

Results. No evidence for a negative bias was observed on the

task, either during acquisition of the task or during generalization of the learned information. Depressed patients responded slower on the task than controls but showed Uroporphyrinogen III synthase a similar modulation of reaction times (RTs) as controls following reinforcement. Evidence for blunting was observed on the training phase, as reflected in reduced trial-by-trial adjustment during this phase. However, this effect was related specifically to the severity of anhedonia, as measured by the Snaith-Hamilton Pleasure Scale (SHAPS), and was independent of overall depression severity.

Conclusions. We argue that the observation of a negative bias or blunting in a group of depressed patients may be dependent on the neuropsychological task and the symptoms of the patients tested. Our results provide insight into how these theories might be further tested.”
“Self-harm and suicide are major public health problems in adolescents, with rates of self-harm being high in the teenage years and suicide being the second most common cause of death in young people worldwide.