This is slightly higher than the percentage of adult smokers in NYS (18%; U.S. News and World Report, 2010) and in the U.S (21%; Centers for Disease Control, 2011). Counselors reported Tipifarnib leukemia that, on average, 69% of clients smoke, and clinical supervisors reported that, on average, 65% of clients smoke. Procedure The treatment facilities were not randomly selected. The research was funded by a grant from the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) in response to a program announcement focusing on health services research on practice improvement utilizing community treatment programs (CTPs) within NIDA��s Clinical Trials Network (CTN). At the time of initial data collection, the CTN had two New York ��nodes����these are partnerships between a research center and a number of CTPs.

One CTN node was based in New York City and the other on Long Island. Together, they comprised 10 eligible CTPs. Seven CTPs agreed to participate. Because we were not able to meet our data requirements with clinicians from these two CTN nodes, recruitment was extended outside of the CTN, with the aim of assuring that we obtained a broad cross-section of treatment programs that were representative of the population of treatment programs in existence in NYS. We reviewed available data from the 2006 SAMHSA facility locator and NSSATS database and determined that our sample of participating programs was similar to the aggregate characteristics of all NYS treatment programs in terms of having a primary focus on substance abuse, offering detoxification services, offering methadone maintenance, having hospital inpatient services, offering short-term residential services, offering long-term residential services, operating as a halfway house, offering services for adolescents, and serving criminal justice clients (a full report of this information is available upon request from the first author).

The regulation went into effect on July 28, 2008. Data were collected 10�C12 months after the passage of the regulation, between May and July of 2009. There were 34 specific regulatory components (e.g., signs posted at entrance of center informing all persons that tobacco is prohibited, clients prohibited from bringing tobacco products and paraphernalia into facility, employees prohibited from bringing tobacco products and paraphernalia into facility, written tobacco-free policy established for visitors) and on average, treatment organizations had implemented 21.

00 (SD = 7.12) of these components at the time of data collection. None of the treatment organizations were in full compliance with the regulation, although there was considerable variability in compliance across treatment organizations (range of scores on compliance measure was 11�C32). Researchers traveled to CTPs to administer paper-and-pencil surveys AV-951 to research participants. The survey contained questions about clinician work and career attitudes, the work context (e.g.