This study reveals the existence of a CD40L/CD40/TRAF axis in EOCs and shows that sCD40L increases the pro-angiogenic function of EOCs on cultured HUVECs by inducing a significant increase in MMP-9 release via, at

least, the p38 MAPK signaling pathway.”
“Protein tau plays a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s disease, where its hyperphos-phorylation promotes aggregation and microtubule destabilization. Tau undergoes alternative splicing which generates six isoforms in the human brain, due to inclusion/exclusion of exons 2, 3 and 10. Dysregulation of the splicing process of tau exon 10 is sufficient to cause tauopathy and has shown to be influenced by beta-amyloid peptides, but splicing of other exons is less studied. We studied

the effects of beta-amyloid(42) in the alternative splicing of tau exons 2/3 and 6, using untreated and Nerve selleck inhibitor Growth Factor-induced PC12 cells. Beta-amyloid exposure caused formed cell processes to retract in differentiated cells and altered the expression of exons 2/3 in both undifferentiated and differentiated cells. Expression of exon 6 was repressed in undifferentiated cells only. Our results suggest that beta-amyloid interferes with the splicing process of exons 2/3, favoring their exclusion and thus the expression of immature tau isoforms that are less efficient in stabilizing microtubules and may also be more prone to hyperphosphorylation. The molecular mechanism for this amyloid-tau interaction remains MEK inhibitor drugs to be determined, but may have potential

implications for the understanding Autophagy inhibitor research buy of the underlying neuropathological processes in Alzheimer’s disease.”
“We undertook a systematic search and review of individual, family, community, and societal risk and protective factors for mental health in children and adolescents who are forcibly displaced to high-income countries. Exposure to violence has been shown to be a key risk factor, whereas stable settlement and social support in the host country have a positive effect on the child’s psychological functioning. Further research is needed to identify the relevant processes, contexts, and interplay between the many predictor variables hitherto identified as affecting mental health vulnerability and resilience. Research designs are needed that enable longitudinal investigation of individual, community, and societal contexts, rather than designs restricted to investigation of the associations between adverse exposures and psychological symptoms. We emphasise the need to develop comprehensive policies to ensure a rapid resolution of asylum claims and the effective integration of internally displaced and refugee children.”
“Lack of Klotho expression in mice leads to premature aging and age-related diseases, including vascular diseases.

RT-PCR was used to investigate the effects of xanthoxylin on the melanogenic protein expression.\n\nResults: We found that xanthoxylin increased melanin production, number of dendrites, tyrosinase, and microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) expression in cultured B16F10 cells. In addition, PKA and PKC inhibitor decreased melanin production, tyrosinase, and MITF expression

in xanthoxylin-treated cells. However, xanthoxylin did not inhibit TRP-1 and TRP-2 expression.\n\nConclusion: These results indicated that xanthoxylin induces melanogenesis mainly via cAMP-mediated PKA activation. Other signaling pathways may also play a role in xanthoxylin-induced check details melanogenesis.”
“Growing epidemiologic evidence has suggested that people with diabetes mellitus are at an increased risk for the development of dementia. However, the results for the

subtypes of dementia are inconsistent. This review examines the risk of dementia in people with diabetes mellitus, and discusses the possible mechanism underpinning this association. Diabetes mellitus is associated with a 1.5- to 2.5-fold greater risk of dementia among community-dwelling elderly people. Notably, diabetes mellitus is a significant risk factor for not only vascular dementia, but also Alzheimer’s disease. The mechanisms underpinning the association are unclear, but it may be multifactorial in nature, involving factors such as cardiovascular risk factors,

glucose find more toxicity, changes in insulin metabolism and inflammation. The optimal management of these risk factors in early life may be important to prevent late-life dementia. Furthermore, novel therapeutic strategies will be needed to prevent or reduce the development of dementia in people with diabetes mellitus.”
“Purpose: This CDK inhibitor study was designed to investigate the effects of music on the amount of time that infants and toddlers cried during physical therapy sessions. Methods: An A-B-A withdrawal multiple single-subject design was used with 9 infants and toddlers with or at risk for developmental disabilities. Music was played during therapy in the intervention period but not in the baseline periods. The number of minutes that the participants cried was documented in a Crying Log. Results were analyzed using a celeration line approach and descriptive statistics. Results: Responses to music varied among the participants, with 6 of 9 children crying less when music was used during therapy. Conclusions: Infants and toddlers with or at risk for developmental disabilities may benefit from the use of music during physical therapy to reduce crying. Effects of music on other aspects of infant and toddler behavior need to be studied. (Pediatr Phys Ther 2009;21:325-335)”
“Congenital heart defects (CHD) are the most common cause of death in children under the age of 1.

It is concluded that growing maize at high density with application of 50% higher N rate (180 kg ha(-1)) than the recommended rate of N (120 kg ha(-1)) in four to five splits can increase leaf area and plant height that could result in maximum biomass yield of maize and hence increase productivity of maize crop.”
“BackgroundDysbiosis is associated with many diseases, including irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), obesity and diabetes. Potential clinical impact of imbalance in the intestinal microbiota suggests need for new standardised diagnostic methods to facilitate microbiome profiling. AimTo develop and validate a novel diagnostic

test using faecal samples to profile the intestinal microbiota and identify and characterise dysbiosis. MethodsFifty-four DNA probes targeting 300 bacteria on different taxonomic this website levels were selected based on ability to distinguish between healthy controls and IBS patients in faecal samples. Overall, 165 healthy controls (normobiotic reference collection) were used to develop a dysbiosis

model with a KPT-8602 order bacterial profile and Dysbiosis Index score output. The model algorithmically assesses faecal bacterial abundance and profile, and potential clinically relevant deviation in the microbiome from normobiosis. This model was tested in different samples from healthy volunteers and IBS and IBD patients (n=330) to determine the ability to detect dysbiosis. ResultsValidation confirms dysbiosis was detected in 73%

of IBS patients, 70% of treatment-naive IBD patients and 80% of IBD patients in remission, vs. 16% of healthy individuals. Comparison of deep sequencing and the GA-map Dysbiosis Test, (Genetic Analysis AS, Oslo, Norway) illustrated good agreement in MK5108 bacterial capture; the latter showing higher resolution by targeting pre-determined highly relevant bacteria. ConclusionsThe GA-map Dysbiosis Test identifies and characterises dysbiosis in IBS and IBD patients, and provides insight into a patient’s intestinal microbiota. Evaluating microbiota as a diagnostic strategy may allow monitoring of prescribed treatment regimens and improvement in new therapeutic approaches.”
“The WHO/FAO/UNU (2007) report examines dietary protein and amino acid requirements for all age groups, protein requirements during pregnancy, lactation and catch-up growth in children, the implications of these requirements for developing countries and protein quality evaluation. Requirements were defined as the minimum dietary intake which satisfies the metabolic demand and achieves nitrogen equilibrium and maintenance of the body protein mass, plus the needs for growth in children and pregnancy and lactation in healthy women. Insufficient evidence was identified to enable recommendations for specific health outcomes.

Enhanced, site-specific, innate immune responsiveness to yeast pathogens by fibroblasts may be an early step in LPV pathogenesis. Fibroblast strain testing may offer an attractive and objective marker of LPV pathology in women with vulvodynia of inflammatory origin.”
“This study aims to unravel the functional significance of alternative oxidase1a (AOX1a) induction in Arabidopsis thaliana leaves exposed to cadmium (Cd) by comparing wild-type (WT) plants and aox1a knockout mutants. In the absence of AOX1a, differences in stress-responsive transcript and glutathione levels suggest an increased oxidative challenge during

moderate (5 mu M) and prolonged (72 h) Cd exposure. Nevertheless, aox1a PXD101 clinical trial knockout leaves showed lower hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) accumulation as compared to the WT due to both acute (24 h) and prolonged (72 h) exposure to 5 mu M Cd, but not to 10 mu M Cd. Taken together, we propose a working model where AOX1a acts early in the response to Cd and activates or maintains a mitochondrial

signalling pathway impacting on cellular antioxidative defence at the post-transcriptional level. This fine-tuning pathway is suggested to function during moderate (5 mu M) Cd exposure while URMC-099 mouse being overwhelmed during more severe (10 mu M) Cd stress. Within this framework, ethylene is required – either directly or indirectly via NADPH oxidase isoform see more C – to fully induce AOX1 expression. In addition, reciprocal crosstalk between these components was demonstrated in leaves of A. thaliana plants exposed to Cd.”
“Phosphorylation of myosin II is important in many aspects of cell function and involves a myosin kinase, e.g. myosin light chain kinase, and a myosin phosphatase (NIP).

MP is regulated by the myosin phosphatase target subunit (MYPT1). The domain structure, properties, and genetic analyses of MYPT1 and its isoforms are outlined. MYPT1 binds the catalytic subunit of type I phosphatase, 6 isoform, and also acts as an interactive platform for many other proteins. A key reaction for NIP is with phosphorylated myosin II and the first process shown to be regulated by NIP was contractile activity of smooth muscle. In cell division and cell migration myosin II phosphorylation also plays a critical role and these are discussed. However, based on the wide range of partners for MYPT1 it is likely that MP is implicated with substrates other than myosin II. Open questions are whether the diverse functions of NIP reflect different cellular locations and/or specific roles for the MYPT1 isoforms. (c) 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“The expression of the type III secretion system-a main determinant of virulence in Shigella-is controlled by regulator cascades VirF-InvE (VirB) and CpxAR two-component system.

Disrupting chromatin assembly or lagging-strand polymerase processivity affects both the size and the distribution of Okazaki fragments, Anlotinib datasheet suggesting a role for nascent chromatin, assembled immediately after the passage of the replication fork, in the termination of Okazaki fragment synthesis. Our studies represent the first high-resolution analysis-to our knowledge-of eukaryotic Okazaki fragments in vivo, and reveal the interconnection between lagging-strand synthesis and chromatin assembly.”
“Objective: We

compared the response to antipsychotic treatment between patients with and without tardive dyskinesia (TD) and examined the course of TD.\n\nMethod: This analysis compared 200 patients with DSM-IV defined schizophrenia and TD and 997 patients without TD, all of whom were randomly assigned to receive one of 4 second-generation antipsychotics. The primary clinical outcome measure was time to all-cause treatment discontinuation, and the primary measure for evaluating the course of TD was change from baseline in Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS) score. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to compare treatment discontinuation between groups. Changes in Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)

and neurocognitive scores were compared using mixed models and analysis of variance. Treatment differences between drugs in AIMS scores and all-cause discontinuation were examined for those with TD at baseline. Percentages of patients meeting criteria for see more TD postbaseline or showing changes in AIMS scores were evaluated with chi(2) tests. Data GF120918 were collected from January 2001 to December 2004.\n\nResults: Time to treatment discontinuation for any

cause was not significantly different between the TD and non-TD groups (chi(2)(1) = 0.11, P=.743). Changes in PANSS scores were not significantly different (F-1,F-974 = 0.82, P=.366), but patients with TD showed less improvement in neurocognitive scores (F-1,F-359=6.53, P=.011). Among patients with TD, there were no significant differences between drugs in the decline in AIMS scores (F-3,F-151 = 0.32, P=.811); 55% met criteria for TD at 2 consecutive visits postbaseline, 76% met criteria for TD at some or all postbaseline visits, 24% did not meet criteria for TD at any subsequent visit, 32% showed a >= 50% decrease in AIMS score, and 7% showed a >= 50% increase in AIMS score.\n\nConclusions: Schizophrenia patients with and without TD were similar in time to discontinuation of treatment for any cause and improvement in psychopathology, but differed in neurocognitive response. There were no significant differences between treatments in the course of TD, with most patients showing either persistence of or fluctuation in observable symptoms. Trial Registration: clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00014001 J Clin Psychiatry 2011;72(3):295-303 (C) Copyright 2010 Physicians Postgraduate Press, Inc.

The numbers of CD31-positive vascular endothelial cells within the tumor were decreased at day 7 after intratumoral injection of MV-mIFNb or MV-mIFNb-NIS, but not after MV-GFP and PBS administration. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that MV-mIFNb changed the microenvironment of the mesothelioma by increasing innate immune cell infiltration and inhibiting tumor angiogenesis. Oncolytic MVs coding for IFNb effectively retarded growth of human mesotheliomas and prolonged survival time in several mesothelioma tumor models. The results suggest that

learn more oncolytic MVs that code for IFNb and NIS will be potent and versatile agents for the treatment of human mesothelioma. Cancer Gene Therapy (2010) 17, 550-558; doi:10.1038/cgt.2010.10; published online 9 April 2010″
“Objective To improve time to treatment, the effects

of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) symptoms on prehospital delay time (PDT) were investigated.\n\nMethods Patients with AMI completed a questionnaire on their AMI symptoms and their general knowledge of AMI symptoms.\n\nResults In total, 116 patients completed questionnaires. The mean PDT was 7.32.4h; the median PDT was 2.2h. Each patient experienced a mean of 3.6 symptoms during their AMI. PDT was significantly shorter in the following groups: patients with chest compression pain/chest discomfort, profuse sweating selleck chemical or dyspnoea than in patients with other symptoms; patients presenting with typical rather than atypical symptoms;

patients with pain scores >6 compared with scores 6; patients who were aware rather than unaware of AMI symptoms. Patients actually having AMI symptoms and patients being aware of AMI symptoms were inversely correlated with PDT. There was a linear relationship between pain scores and PDT.\n\nConclusion Public awareness of AMI symptoms should be enhanced, in order to shorten PDT and improve AMI survival rates.”
“The importance of calcium-binding proteins in immune response of vertebrates is determined, Selleck ACY-738 but whether they have the role in invertebrates is largely unknown. In the present study, phylogenetic analysis indicated that calcium vector protein (CaVP), a protein unique to amphioxus, shared 68% similarity in amino acid sequence with human and mouse calmodulin (CaM). CaVP cDNA was cloned into a bacterial vector pET-32a, and its His-tagged fusion protein was produced in Eschherichia coli cells (BL21). The recombinant CaVP was purified by Ni-NTA column and SDS-PAGE, and then utilized for antibody preparing. The prepared antibodies could recognize amphioxus CaVP with high specificity. Further analysis by Western blotting showed that CaVP was detected in muscle and humoral fluid of normal animals and appeared in gut of bacterial immunized or challenged amphioxus. Interestingly, gut CaVP was significantly higher in a healthy sub-group than a wounded sub-group post bacterial challenge.

candesartan: 118 +/- 13/mm(2)). Higher dosages (0.5 and 1 mg/kg) resulted in prolonged reduction in blood pressure and failed to reduce brain lesion.\n\nConclusions: The results indicate that angiotensin II receptor type 1 plays a key role in the development of secondary brain damage after brain trauma. Inhibition of angiotensin II receptor type 1 with a delay Selleckchem Proteasome inhibitor of up to 4 hrs after traumatic brain injury effectively reduces lesion volume. This reduction makes angiotensin

II receptor type 1 a promising therapeutic target for reducing cerebral inflammation and limiting secondary brain damage. (Crit Care Med 2012; 40:935-944)”
“This study was designed to examine the in vitro antioxidant activities and total phenolic contents of the methanolic extracts from male inflorescence of Salix aegyptiaca L. grown in Iran. The methanolic extract (ME) and its three fractions including water (WF), butanol (BF) and chloroform (CF) were prepared and then their antioxidant activities, as well as total phenolic contents, were evaluated by 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay and the Folin-Ciocalteu method, respectively. Among the different fractions of methanol extract, BF indicated the most antioxidant activity with an IC(50) value of 27.7 mu g/mL and total phenols of 313.8 ppm, which is comparable

with the synthetic antioxidant BHT (IC(50) = 26.5 mu g/mL). The antioxidant activities of the other fractions selleck inhibitor decreased in the order of ME >WF > CF. The potent antioxidant activity of S. aegyptiaca supported its possible use as a natural antioxidant in food industries and other pharmaceutical preparations.”
“Introduction: The Thulium fiber laser has recently been tested as a potential alternative to the Holmium:YAG laser for lithotripsy. This

study explores use of a short taper for expanding the Thulium fiber laser beam at the distal tip of a small-core fiber.\n\nMethods: Thulium fiber laser radiation with a wavelength of 1,908 nm, 10 Hz pulse rate, this website 70 mJ pulse energy, and 1-millisecond pulse duration was delivered through a 2-m-length fiber with 150-mu m-core-input-end, 300-mu m-core-output-end, and 5-mm-length taper, in contact with human uric acid (UA) and calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) stones, ex vivo (n = 10 each). Stone mass loss, stone crater depths, fiber transmission losses, fiber burn-back, irrigation rates, and deflection through a flexible ureteroscope were measured for the tapered fiber and compared with conventional fibers.\n\nResults: After delivery of 1,800 pulses through the tapered fiber, mass loss measured 12.7 +/- 2.6 mg for UA and 7.2 +/- 0.8 mg COM stones, comparable to conventional 100-mu m-core fibers (12.6 +/- 2.5 mg for UA and 6.8 +/- 1.7 mg for COM stones).

(C) 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc.”
“Gametogenesis

is the process by which sperm or ova are produced in the gonads. It is governed by a tightly controlled series of gene expression events, with some common and others distinct for males and females. Nucleocytoplasmic transport is of central importance to the fidelity of gene regulation that is required to achieve the precisely regulated germ cell differentiation essential for fertility. AG-881 in vivo In this review we discuss the physiological importance for gamete formation of the molecules involved in classical nucleocytoplasmic protein transport, including importins/karyopherins, Ran and nucleoporins. To address what functions/factors are conserved or specialized for these developmental processes between species, we compare knowledge from mice, flies and worms. The present analysis provides evidence of the necessity for and specificity of each nuclear transport factor and for nucleoporins during germ cell differentiation. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Nuclear Transport and RNA Processing. selleck products (C) 2012 Elsevier

B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Elevated expression of insulin-like growth factor-II (IGF-II) is frequently observed in a variety of human malignancies, including breast, colon, and liver cancer. As IGF-II can deliver a mitogenic signal through both IGF-IR and an alternately spliced form of the insulin receptor (IR-A), neutralizing the biological activity of this growth factor directly is a potential alternative option to IGF-IR-directed agents. Using a Fab-displaying phage library and a biotinylated precursor form of IGF-II (1-104 amino acids) as a target, we isolated Fabs specific for the E-domain

COOH-terminal extension form of IGF-II and for mature IGF-II. One SU5402 in vivo of these Fabs that bound to both forms of IGF-II was reformatted into a full-length IgG, expressed, purified, and subjected to further analysis. This antibody (DX-2647) displayed a very high affinity for IGF-II/IGF-IIE (K(D) value of 49 and 10 pmol/L, respectively) compared with IGF-I (similar to 10 nmol/L) and blocked binding of IGF-II to IGF-IR, IR-A, a panel of insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins, and the mannose-6-phosphate receptor. A crystal complex of the parental Fab of DX-2647 bound to IGF-II was resolved to 2.2 angstrom. DX-2647 inhibited IGF-II and, to a lesser extent, IGF-I-induced receptor tyrosine phosphorylation, cellular proliferation, and both anchorage-dependent and anchorage-independent colony formation in various cell lines. In addition, DX-2647 slowed tumor progression in the Hep3B xenograft model, causing decreased tumoral CD31 staining as well as reduced IGF-IIE and IGF-IR phosphorylation levels.

66 for GI_Dx and r = 0.68 for GI_CC, P < 0.0001 for both). Having non-diabetic ketoacidosis

metabolic acidosis has a 42.2% positive predictive value for GI syndrome by either Dx or CC.\n\nAcidosis rates can be forecasted as a stand-alone variable (R(2) = 0.31, P < 0.001).\n\nAdding acidosis rates to time series models for GI_Dx or GI_CC significantly improves forecasting, that is, GI_Dx improved from R(2) = 0.24 to R(2) = 0.54, and false alarms rates dropped from 32% to 18%. The GI_CC model improved from R(2) = 0.32 to R(2) = 0.54, and false alarms rates dropped from 28% to 17%.\n\nConclusions: Metabolic acidosis rate is a promising data source Geneticin for real-time disease surveillance in the pediatric population. The rate of metabolic acidosis is highly correlated with the rate of GI syndrome. Adding this variable to currently used models significantly improves forecasting for real-time surveillance.”
“Extracorporeal life support (ECLS) is one of the recent fields in cardiac surgery which has improved significantly the quality of patient care in acute or chronic end-stage

heart disease. The safe use of this new technology requires many different prerequisites which are summarized in this position article. It includes the necessary personnel and their qualifications, the structural assumptions, the required equipment, and the parameters which have to be monitored for the safe usage of these devices. In addition, indications and contraindications for ECLS, the management and control of a wide range of parameters related to the extracorporeal circulation, check details as well as the necessary equipment are described.

Quality assurance and education are also described in this position article. (C) 2011 European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“The SPERT problem was defined, in a game theory framework, as the fair allocation of the slack or float among the activities in a PERT network previous to the execution of the project. Previous approaches tackle with this problem imposing that the durations of the activities are deterministic. In this paper, we extend the SPERT problem into a stochastic framework defining a new solution that tries also GS-1101 supplier to maintain the good performance of some other approaches that have been defined for the deterministic case. Afterward, we present a polynomial algorithm for this new solution that also could be used for the calculation of other approaches founded in the deterministic SPERT literature.”
“Primary thyroid lymphoma (PTL) is a rare disorder accounting for about 2 % of all malignant lymphomas. It is an aggressive extranodal non Hodgkin lymphoma mostly of B lineage. We report four cases of PTL and highlight the clinical issues and challenges posed by this rare disease.

4% of subjects were males while majority Selleck SBC-115076 (49.4%) were Caucasians. Mean duration of follow-up was 571 +/- 291 days (median 730 days). Univariate analysis of several inflammatory biomarkers including C-reactive protein, revealed white cell count (OR = 1.09, p smaller than 0.001) and neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) (OR = 1.05, p = 0.011) as predictors of short- and long-term mortality; but not mean neutrophil

count (OR = 1.04, p = 0.055) or lymphocyte count alone (OR = 0.96, p = 0.551). Multivariate analysis using backward stepwise regression revealed NLR (OR = 2.64, p = 0.026), female gender (OR = 5.35, p smaller than 0.001), cerebrovascular accident history (OR = 3.36, p = 0.023), low glomerular filtration rate (OR = 0.98, p = 0.012) and PLX3397 molecular weight cardiac arrest on admission (OR = 17.43, p smaller than 0.001) as robust independent predictors of long-term mortality. NLR was divided into two sub-groups based on an optimal cut off value

of 7.4. This provided the best discriminatory cut off point for predicting adverse mortality outcome. Both short-term ( smaller than = 30 days) and long-term ( smaller than = 2 years) mortality were predicted with Kaplan-Meier survival curve separation best stratified by a NLR cut off value of 7.4. Conclusions: NLR based on an optimal cut off value of 7.4, was an excellent predictor of short-and long-term survival in patients with revascularized STEMI and warrants larger scale multi-center prospective evaluation, as a prognostic indicator. NLR offers improved prognostic capacity CAL-101 chemical structure when combined with conventional clinical scoring systems, such as the Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction risk score.”
“Background: Osteoporosis is an important issue for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Worse systemic inflammation and reduced exercise capacity have been reported in COPD patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), implying that OSA may be an independent factor for osteoporosis in COPD patients. Methods: A total of 66 patients with bone mineral density (BMD)

and polysomnography results from a previous COPD cohort (January 2008 to January 2013) were retrospectively enrolled. Clinical characteristics such as medication, pulmonary function, BMD, and results of polysomnography were analyzed. Results: The BMD in those with OSA was significantly lower than in those without OSA (1.99 +/- 1.63 versus -1.27 +/- 1.14, P=0.045). In univariate analysis, body mass index, forced expiratory volume in 1 second, percentage of predicted value, incremental shuttle walk test, apnea-hypopnea index, and oxygen desaturation index (ODI) were significantly associated with BMD. After multivariate linear regression analysis, the ODI was still an independent factor for BMD. In addition, smaller total lung capacity is significantly associated with higher ODI and lower BMD, which implies that lower BMD might cause severer OSA via decreased total lung capacity.