Acknowledgements This work was conducted as part of the Tokyo Tech Global COE Program on Evolving Education and Research Center for Spatio-Temporal Biological Network based on a grant from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, 10058-F4 ic50 Science, and Technology, Japan. The natural graphite powder used in this study was donated by SEC Carbon Ltd. References 1. Novoselov KS, Geim AK, Morozov SV, Jiang D, Zhang Y, Dubonos SV, Grigorieva IV,

Firsov AA: Electric field effect in atomically thin carbon films. Science 2004, 306:666–669.CrossRef 2. Berger C, Song ZM, Li TB, Li XB, Ogbazghi AY, Feng R, Dai Z, Marchenkov AN, Conrad EH, First PN, de Heer WA: Ultrathin epitaxial graphite: 2D electron gas properties and a route toward graphene-based nanoelectronics. J Phys Chem B 2004, 108:19912–19916.CrossRef 3. Zhang YB, Tan YW, Stormer HL, Kim

P: Experimental observation of the quantum Hall effect and Berry’s phase in graphene. Nature 2005, 438:201–204.CrossRef 4. Geim AK, Novoselov KS: The rise of graphene. Nat Mater 2007, 6:183–191.CrossRef 5. Ishikawa R, Bando M, Wada H, Kurokawa Y, Sandhu A, Konagai M: Layer-by-layer assembled learn more transparent conductive graphene films for silicon thin-film solar cells. Jpn J Appl Phys 2012, 51:11PF01.CrossRef 6. Bolotin KI, Sikes KJ, Jiang Z, Klima M, Fudenberg G, Hone J, Kim P, Stormer HL: Ultrahigh electron mobility in suspended graphene. Solid State Commun 2008, 146:351–355.CrossRef 7. Becerril HA, Mao J, Liu Z, Stoltenberg RM, Bao Z, Chen Y: Evaluation of solution-processed reduced graphene oxide films as transparent conductors.

ACS Nano 2008, 2:463–470.CrossRef 8. Yamaguchi H, Eda G, Mattevi C, Kim H, Chhowalla M: Highly uniform 300 mm wafer-scale deposition of single and multilayered chemically derived graphene thin films. selleckchem ACS Nano 2010, 4:524–528.CrossRef 9. Stankovich S, Dikin DA, Dommett GHB, Kohlhaas KM, Zimney EJ, Stach EA, Piner RD, Nguyen ST, Ruoff RS: Graphene-based composite materials. Nature 2006, 442:282–286.CrossRef 10. Chun-Hua L, Huang-Hao Y, Chun-Ling Z, Xi C, Guo-Nan C: A graphene platform for sensing biomolecules. Angewandte 2009, 48:4785–4787.CrossRef 11. Loh KP, Bao QL, Eda G, Chhowalla M: Graphene oxide as a chemically tunable platform for optical applications. Nat Chem 2010, 2:1015–1024.CrossRef 12. Loh KP, Lu J, Yang JX, Wang JZ, Lim AL, Wang S: One-pot synthesis of selleck fluorescent carbon nanoribbons, nanoparticles, and graphene by the exfoliation of graphite in ionic liquids. ACS Nano 2009, 3:2367–2375.CrossRef 13. Eda G, Chhowalla M: Chemically derived graphene oxide: towards large-area thin-film electronics and optoelectronics. Adv Mater 2010, 22:2392–2415.CrossRef 14. Huang JX, Kim J, Cote LJ, Kim F: Visualizing graphene based sheets by fluorescence quenching microscopy. J Am Chem Soc 2010, 132:260–267.CrossRef 15. Wang XR, Li XL, Zhang L, Yoon Y, Weber PK, Wang HL, Guo J, Dai HJ: N-doping of graphene through electrothermal reactions with ammonia.

Mass spectral studies were carried C188-9 mw out by SK. Genetic studies were carried out by BR and ML. MF performed whole genome sequencing. SM and JB contributed to data analysis and manuscript review. All authors approved the final manuscript.”
“Background Biogenic amines (BA) are natural toxins that can occur in fermented foods and beverages and may cause adverse health effects [1–3]. BA production in foodstuffs is mainly due to

microbial metabolism of amino acids, with lactic acid bacteria (LAB) being the primary agents [4]. Tyramine and putrescine are the BA most frequently encountered [5]. Lactobacillus and Enterococcus spp. are often implicated in tyramine formation resulting from tyrosine decarboxylation [6–8]. Tyramine production has been observed in cheeses, fermented sausages and beverages [reviewed by 2, 3] and factors that influence tyramine biosynthesis have been reported [9, 10]. A relationship between tyramine content of foods, and illnesses after ingestion, has been established [reviewed by 2]. These illnesses include headache, migraine, neurological

disorders, nausea, vomiting, respiratory disorders and hypertension. Moreover, the adherence of some enteropathogens, such as Escherichia coli O157:H7, to intestinal mucosa is increased in the presence of tyramine [11]. Bacteria can produce putrescine from ornithine, using ornithine decarboxylase [12], or, alternatively from agmatine, using agmatine deiminase [13, 14]. Putrescine synthesis was initially selleck chemical observed mainly in Enterobacteriacea, though recently it has been shown that LAB present in food and beverages

can produce this BA [reviewed by 2]. Amines, such as putrescine, can react with nitrite to form nitrosamines, which can have carcinogenic properties and are therefore a potential health hazard to humans [3]. One open question is whether BA-producers present in fermented foods and beverages are able to survive in the human GIT and still produce BA. During digestion, the pH of the human gastric Adenosine environment can decrease to values below pH 2. Some LAB possess high resistance to gastrointestinal stress and frequently have adhesive properties that allow them to colonize the intestinal tract [15]. We have recently shown that the dairy tyramine-producer Enterococcus durans 655 was significantly resistant to in vitro conditions which mimicked the human GIT and, it was able to synthesize BA under GIT stress conditions [16]. Possession of a functional tyramine biosynthetic pathway enhanced the binding of E. durans to Caco-2 human intestinal cells [16]. To further investigate this issue, we Selleckchem RG7112 report here experiments with the wine strain Lactobacillus brevis IOEB 9809 [17], which possesses both the tyrosine decarboxylation and the agmatine deimination pathways [13, 18, 19]. Four genes (tdc operon) involved in tyrosine production have been identified in L.

Although there are some controversies, it is well known that HDL-C levels is generally responsive to aerobic training and increases in a dose-dependent manner with increased energy expenditure [5]. Additionally the exercise intensity and duration are also associated with positive changes in the levels of HDL-C [43]. Because of the benefits that have been reported, regular physical exercise has been adopted as part of an overall strategy to normalize lipid profiles and to improve

cardiovascular health [46]. However, it is questionable whether all physical exercise, despite the beneficial effects on lipid selleck profile, might really be safe. It has been reported that exhaustive exercise, such as swimming, induces oxidative stress due to excessive oxygen reception and elevated production of ROS [47]. On the other hand, moderate regular selleck screening library exercise can have positive effects by upregulating the activities of antioxidant enzymes thereby reducing oxidative stress [48]. Regarding the oxidative stress and exercise, is well establish that prolonged or high-intensity exercises, ATM Kinase Inhibitor cost such as interval training, increases the production of oxygen free radicals and lipid peroxidation which are related to oxidative damage to macromolecules in blood and skeletal muscle [49, 50]. Therefore we evaluated the protective role of hesperidin, as

an antioxidant compound, in continuous and interval exercise. No changes were observed in lipid peroxidation in the C, CH, CS, CSH groups, whereas there was a reduction of over 50% of lipid peroxidation triggered by the interval exercise (IS) with hesperidin supplementation in

the ISH group. Previous study also attributed to hesperidin and naringin, and not to the vitamin C in orange juice, the effect of neutralizing the oxidative stress resulting from the ingestion of a pro-inflammatory high-fat, high-carbohydrate meal [51]. The continuous exercise increased the oxidative stress in animals that performed Galactosylceramidase continuous swimming exercise (CS), however, the hesperidin supplement increased markedly (over 100%) the antioxidant capacity in the CSH group. Antioxidant capacity by hesperidin on other groups was unchanged (C, CH, CS, IS, ISH). The antioxidant effects of the flavonoids quercetin [52] and eriocitrin [9] were also observed in swimming and running protocols, endorsing the idea that those flavonoids can prevent oxidative damage caused by exercise in the brain and liver, respectively. Another study attributed to isolated antioxidant compounds from legumes the capacity in inhibit xanthine oxidase (XO), the main enzyme related to the generation of free radicals during exercise [53], revealing beneficial health impacts as natural antioxidants of therapeutic interest, i.e. dietary [54].

C. High magnification SEM showing the posterior end of B. bacati, in ventral view, and the external appearance of the raised articulation zones between S-shaped folds in the host cell surface (black arrowheads). The white arrows show pores on the cell surface. D. High magnification SEM showing the rod-shaped (white

arrowheads) and spherical-shaped episymbionts. E. High magnification SEM of the spherical-shaped episymbionts showing discharged threads (black arrows) through an apical pore (bar = 0.5 μm). The white arrow shows the initial stages of the ejection process. (B-D bar = 1 μm). Figure 3 Transmission electron micrographs (TEM) of the cell surface of Bihospites bacati n. gen. et sp. A. Cross-section of cell showing a series of S-shaped Berzosertib mw folds in the cell surface. Elongated extrusomes (E) positioned GS-4997 mw beneath the raised articulation zones between the S-shaped folds (S). Cell surface covered with rod-shaped bacteria (black arrowheads), in cross section, and spherical-shaped bacteria (white arrowheads). Mitochondrion-derived organelles (MtD) underlie the cell surface. (bar = 1 μm). B. TEM showing mitochondrion-derived organelles (MtD) with zero to two cristae (arrow). Arrowheads show transverse

profiles of rod-shaped episymbionts on cell surface. C. High magnification TEM of the host cell surface showing glycogalyx (GL) connecting episymbionts to plasma membrane. Plasma membrane subtended by a thick layer of glycoprotein (double arrowhead) and a continuous row of microtubules linked by short ‘arms’ (arrowhead). Mitochondrion-derived organelles (MtD) positioned between the row of microtubules and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). D. Oblique TEM section of spherical-shaped episymbiont showing electron-dense apical operculum (black arrow) and the extrusive thread coiled around a densely stained core region (white arrow). E. High magnification TEM of cell surface showing mitochondrion-derived organelles (MtD), rod-shaped episymbionts (arrowheads), Flavopiridol (Alvocidib) and spherical-shaped episymbiont (black arrow) sitting within a corresponding concavity

in the host cell. Core region of the spherical-shaped episymbiont (white arrow) in longitudinal section. F. TEM of spherical-shaped episymbiont showing discharged extrusive thread (arrow). Electron-dense Dasatinib material corresponding to the core is positioned at the tip of the discharged thread (arrow). Arrowheads indicate rod-shaped bacteria on cell surface (B-F bar = 500 nm). The ultrastructure of the host cell surface, beneath the episymbionts, consisted of a plasma membrane that was organized into a repeated series of S-shaped folds (i.e., “”strips”") (Figure 1C, 3A), a thin layer of glycoprotein, and a corset of microtubules (Figure 3C). The longitudinal rows of spherical-shaped episymbionts were associated with the troughs of the S-shaped folds (Figure 3A).

The modulation frequencies in FM- and HAM-KPFM were f mod-FM = 500 Hz, f mod-HAM = f 2nd = 1.05 MHz.

The cantilever was initially treated with an Ar+ ion bombardment (ion energy 700 eV, emission current: 22 μA) to remove the native oxidized layer and see more maintain tip sharpness. The tip was then coated by a tungsten layer with a thickness of several nanometers by sputtering the tungsten mask plate for 10 h CYC202 research buy (ion energy 2 KeV, emission current: 24 μA) to ensure sufficient tip conductivity [17]. A Ge (001) surface was chosen as the sample to determine the surface potential measurement by FM- and HAM-KPFMs. A Ge (001) specimen, cut from a Ge (001) wafer (As-doped, 0.5 to 0.6 Ω cm), was cleaned by standard sputtering/annealing cycles, that is, several cycles of Ar+ ion sputtering at 1 keV followed by annealing to 973 to 1,073 K. Discussion Signal-to-noise ratio measurement We compared the www.selleckchem.com/products/erastin.html signal-to-noise

ratios (SNRs) of detected signals at different bias modulation amplitudes to investigate their sensitivities to short-range electrostatic force in FM- and HAM-KPFMs. Figure 2a,b shows the noise density spectrums of the FM- and HAM-KPFMs detected signals obtained at a modulation frequency of 500 Hz for FM-KPFM and 1.05 MHz for HAM-KPFM. The bandwidth of both KPFM measurements was set to 100 Hz (narrower than that of the NC-AFM measurement). In the case of FM-KPFM (Figure 2a), signal density peak of the detected signal can reach as high as 4,000 fm/√Hz, while in the case of HAM-KPFM, the signal density peak of the detected signal can reach 6,000 fm/√Hz. These results reveal

that HAM-KPFM has a higher SNR than FM-KPFM qualitatively. Figure 3 shows the V AC amplitude as a function of the SNRs of FM- and HAM-KPFM detected signals quantitatively. SNR of FM- and HAM-KPFM detected signals monotonically increased with increasing modulation AC amplitude, and the SNR of the HAM-KPFM is higher than that of FM-KPFM with the same modulation AC amplitude. Consequently, this result shows that HAM-KPFM exhibits a higher SNR than FM-KPFM. Comparing these results with Equations (5) and (8), one almost can find that the minimum detectable CPD in HAM-KPFM is 1/3 that obtained in FM-KPFM in theory, in contrast, the SNR in HAM-KPFM is just 1.5 times higher than that in FM-KPFM. A possible explanation for this difference comes from the fact that quality factor of the cantilever we used was less than the simulation one. The SNR of FM-KPFM results at V AC = 500 mV is consistent with the measurement result in literature [16]. Figure 2 Modulation signal spectrums of FM- and HAM-KPFM detected signals at a modulation amplitude of 150 mV (a,b). V DC = -100 mV, A = 6.5 nm, Δf = -20Hz, f 1st = 165 KHz, f 2nd =1.0089 MHz. f mod = 500 Hz for FM-KPFM. Figure 3 SNRs of FM- and HAM-KPFM plotted as functions of AC bias amplitude from the density spectrums. Given in Figure 2.

The absorbance of the solution was read at a wavelength of 540 nm using a microplate reader (BIO-RAD550; BIO-RAD, Tokyo, Japan). The percentage inhibition was determined by comparing the cell density of the Selleckchem Niraparib drug-treated cells with that of untreated controls. All experiments were repeated at least 3 times. Specimens and blood Saracatinib mw samples We evaluated 100 patients with gastric cancer (cases) who were treated with curative gastrectomy and standard lymph node dissection at the Gastroenterological Surgery Department, Kanazawa University Hospital,

Ishikawa, from 2002 to 2009. The study was approved by the ethics committee of Kanazawa University, and informed consent was obtained from each patient before enrollment in this study. All resected primary tumors and regional lymph nodes were histologically evaluated by H&E staining according PF299 clinical trial to the Japanese Classification of Gastric Carcinoma [30]. A fasting morning blood sample was obtained for the adiponectin assay from each patient after admission into the study. Samples were also obtained from 10 healthy volunteer controls. Weight and height of each patient was recorded by medical staff. BMI was calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in square

meters. Medical staff measured all data. Serum adiponectin measurement All blood samples were immediately separated by centrifugation and stored at -80°C until use. A quantitative sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique with a Quantikine human adiponectin immunoassay kit (R&D Systems, Inc., Minneapolis, NM, USA) was used in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. All experiments were performed in triplicate. Immunohistochemical staining All surgically obtained specimens were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin, embedded in paraffin, and cut into 4-μm-thick serial sections. In brief, the slides were immersed in methanol containing 0.3% H2O2 for 30 min, blocked with 3.3% normal second goat serum in PBS, and incubated with the anti-AdipoR1 antibody (C-14, goat polyclonal IgG, diluted 1:100; Santa Cruz Biotechnology Inc., Santa Cruz, CA, USA) and anti-AdipoR2 (C-12, goat polyclonal

IgG, diluted 1:100; Santa Cruz) at 4°C overnight. After the sections were washed in PBS, immunoreactivity was visualized by EnVision reagent (Dako Co., Kyoto, Japan). Slides were examined under low power (×40) to identify the brown staining precipitates within the cytoplasm of cancer cells. Sections that showed same or higher staining than that of the normal gastric mucosa and more than 10% of cancerous tissue stained under a ×100 field were considered positive samples. Statistical analysis Values are expressed as means ± standard error (SE). Differences in the cell growth assay were determined by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The relationship between serum adiponectin level and BMI or clinical stage of gastric cancer was evaluated using the Mann-Whitney U test.

Functional buy Everolimus Ecol 22:221–231 Berger WH (2009) Ocean. University of California Press, Berkeley Berry NJ, Phillips OL, Lewis SL, Hill JK, Edwards DP, Tawatao NB, Ahmad N, Magintan D, Khen CV, Maryati M, Ong RC, Hamer KC (2010) The high value of logged tropical forests: lessons from northern Borneo. Biodivers Conserv. doi:10.​1007/​s10531-010-9779-z Bickford D, Howard SD, Ng DJJ, Sheridan JA (2010) Impacts of climate change on the amphibians and reptiles

of Southeast Asia. Biodivers Conserv. doi:10.​1007/​s10531-010-9782-4 Bierbaum RM, Zoellick RB (2009) Development and climate change. Science 326:771PubMed Bintanja R, van de Wal RSW (2008) North American ice-sheet dynamics and the onset of 100,000-year glacial cycles. Nature 454:869–872PubMed

Bird MI, Taylor D, Hunt C (2005) Environments of insular Southeast Asia during the last glacial period: A savanna corridor in Sundaland? Quaternary Sci Rev 24:2228–2242 Bonham SG, Haywood AM, Lunt DJ, Collins M, Salzmann U (2009) El Nino–Southern Oscillation, Pliocene climate and equifinality. Philos Trans R Soc A 367:127–156 Borgerhoff Mulder M, Coppolillo P (2005) Conservation: linking ecology, economics and culture. Princeton University Press, Princeton Brockelman WY (2010) Rainfall patterns and unpredictable fruit production in seasonally dry evergreen forest, and their effects on

gibbons. In: McShea WJ, Davies S, Phumpakphan N (eds) The unique ecology and conservation of tropical dry forests in Asia. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington (in Enzalutamide press) Brookfield ME (1998) The evolution of the great river systems of southern Asia during the Cenozoic India-Asia collision: rivers draining southwards. www.selleckchem.com/products/amg510.html Geomorphology 22:285–312 Brooks TM, Mittermeier RA, Mittermeier CG, da Fonseca GAB, Rylands AB, Konstant WR, Flick P, Pilgrim J, Oldfield S, Magin G, Hiltin-Taylor C (2002) Habitat loss and extinction in the hotspots of biodiversity. Conserv Biol 16:909–923 Brooks TM, De Silva N, Duya MV, Foster M, Knox D, Langhammer P, William MR, Tabaranza B (2008) Delineating key biodiversity areas as targets for protecting areas. In: Sodhi NS, Acciaioli G, Erb M, Tan AK (eds) Phosphoglycerate kinase Biodiversity and human livelihoods in protected areas: case studies from the Malay archipelago. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 20–35 Brown S, Iverson LR, Prasad A (2001) Geographical distribution of biomass carbon in tropical Southeast Asian forests: a database. ORNL/CDIAC-119, NDP-068. US Department of Energy, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, p 75 Cannon CH, Morley RJ, Bush ABG (2009) The current refugial rainforests of Sundaland are unrepresentative of their biogeographic past and highly vulnerable to disturbance.

However, the precise mechanism of blood flow during chest compressions Protein Tyrosine Kinase inhibitor has been controversial since the 1960s. The two main hypotheses are the external cardiac massage model and the thoracic pump model. The external cardiac massage model suggests that chest compressions directly compress the heart between the depressed sternum and the thoracic spine [1]. This ejects blood into the systemic and pulmonary circulations while backward flow during declick here Compression is limited by the cardiac valves. The external cardiac massage model is supported by radiographic evidence of direct compression of cardiac structures

during chest compressions [14]. The thoracic pump model suggests that chest compressions intermittently increase global intra-thoracic pressure, with equivalent pressures exerted on vena cava, the heart and the aorta [9]. Thus blood is ejected retrograde from the intra-thoracic venous vasculature as well as antegrade from the intra-thoracic arterial vasculature and both arterial as well as venous pressures rise concomitantly. Therefore the presence of an arterial pulse in itself is not a reliable indicator of blood flow. This principle is illustrated

by the fact that a ligated artery will continue to pulsate even in the absence of blood flow. However, the compliance Ganetespib in vitro of venous capacitance vessels is greater than the compliance of arterial resistance vessels. Therefore a pressure differential between the extra-thoracic arterial and venous sides of the vascular tree is formed. This pressure differential is but a fraction of the arterial pulse pressure, yet it is sufficient to drive some blood flow. The thoracic pump model is supported by arterial and venous pressure tracings demonstrating simultaneous peaks in venous and arterial pressures during

chest compressions [15]. In toto, the available evidence suggests that both cardiac massage and the thoracic pump contribute to blood flow during chest compressions. Yet even excellent chest compressions can only generate a fraction of baseline blood flow [16]. Therefore the time during chest compressions contributes to the ongoing ischemic insult to the Rebamipide patient’s heart and brain. The brain is the organ most susceptible to decreased blood flow and suffers irreversible damage within 5 minutes of absent perfusion. The myocardium is the second most susceptible organ, with ROSC directly related to coronary perfusion pressures [17]. Therefore successful resuscitation with neurologically intact survival and ROSC critically depends on maintaining blood flow to the heart and brain via chest compressions. Technique for Chest Compression Chest compressions consist of forceful and fast oscillations of the lower half of the sternum [1]. The technique of delivering chest compressions is highly standardized and based on international consensus that is updated in 5-year intervals [4, 13, 18].

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– correlation in invasive breast carcinoma. N Engl J Med 1991, 324: 1–8.CrossRefPubMed 12. Barnett FH, Scharer-Schuksz M, Wood M, Yu X, Wagner TE, Friedlander M: Intra-arterial delivery of endostatin gene to brain tumors prolongs survival and alters tumor vessel ultrastructure. Gene Ther 2004, 11: 1283–1289.CrossRefPubMed 13. Miller KD, Sweeney CJ, Sledge GW Jr: Redefining the target: chemotherapeutics as antiangiogenics. J Clin Oncol 2001, 19: 1195–1206.PubMed 14. Togna GI, Togna AR, Franconi M, Caprino L: Cisplatin triggers platelet activation. Thromb Res 2000, 99: 503–509.CrossRefPubMed 15. Mishima K, Mazar AP, Gown A, Skelly M, Ji XD, Wang XD, Jones TR, Cavenee WK, Huang HJ, Datta A, et al.: A peptide derived from the non-receptor-binding region of urokinase plasminogen activator inhibits glioblastoma growth and angiogenesis in vivo in combination with cisplatin Combined chemo/anti-angiogenic cancer therapy against Lewis lung carcinoma (3LL) pulmonary metastases Reversion of autocrine Cilengitide manufacturer transformation by a dominant negative platelet-derived growth factor mutant. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000,

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This suggest that HDV ribozyme can cleave the hTR component as hammerhead ribozyme does, but its cleaving efficacy of is higher than that of hammerhead ribozyme [25]. Compared with L02 hepatocytes, bel 7402-RZ and HCT116-RZ cells mainly showed both Spontaneous apoptosis and blockage of cell cycle. In immortal cells, it has been shown that telomerase activity is associated with the cell cycle [26]. The highest telomerase

activity is found in the S phase of cell cycle [27], whereas quiescent cells do not possess telomerase activity at a detectable level. Cancer cells selleck kinase inhibitor escape senescence through both cell cycle checkpoint inactivation and the activation of telomerase. In addition to structural constraints[28], active telomerase

SRT1720 is one possible factor to physically shield the telomeric G-rich singlestranded overhang. The presence of free G-rich single-stranded selleckchem telomeric DNA within the nucleus was found sufficient to trigger cell cycle arrest in U87 glioblastoma cells and in human fibroblasts [29]. One might speculate that inhibition of telomerase might increase the probability that at some point in the cell cycle a free telomeric overhang becomes exposed to the nucleoplasm and could trigger cell cycle arrest or apoptosis. It was also reported that the content of telomerase RNA in cells was not parallel to the telomerase activity [30]. In previous studies, hTR could be measured in cells, but there was no telomerase activity measured. Or, the hTR content in cells was measured high, but the telomerase activity was low. These results indicate that hTR is not the only determinant of telomerase activity.

The catalytic protein subunits are believed to be the key determinant of telomerase activity [31]. In our northern, the uncut hTR decreased to 1/25 and 1/20 of the original in ribozyme transfected bel7402 cells and HCT116 cells respctively, while the telomerse activity tuclazepam drop to 1/10 and 1/8 respectively of the original. The results confirm the discrepancy of telomerase activity with telomerase RNA content. Ribozyme-transfected bel7402 cells and HCT116 cells showed G1/G0 arrest and proliferation inhibition, and 75% cells showed apoptosis at 96 h. This is consistent with reduction of telomerase activity. Our results suggest that diminution of telomerase can interfere with cancer cell growth and induce cell death, presumably through apoptosis. Emerging evidence revealed that telomerase activity is associated with increased cellular resistance to apoptosis [29, 32, 33]. Telomerase activity might therefore play some role in apoptosis-controlling mechanisms and inhibition of telomerase by ribozyme might impair this pathway. Conclusion gRZ.57 we designed in the research is effective against the hTR, it is a promising agent for tumor therapy.