Cesium chloride and ZD7288 were used as current blockers.

Most deep dorsal horn neurons showed a functional I-h that was blocked by ZD7288 and cesium. I-h blockade caused hyperpolarization, increased input check details resistance and potentiation of synaptic responses. Excitatory effects of I-h blockade on synaptic transmission were confirmed in projecting anterolateral axons and ventral roots. I-h modulation by cAMP produced a rightward shift in the voltage dependency curve and blocked excitatory effects of 2)37288 on sensory pathways.

Results indicate that I-h currents play a stabilizing

role in the spinal cord controlling transmission across sensory and motor spinal pathways via cellular effects on input resistance and excitability. In addition, results suggest that current modulation may alter Wortmannin significantly the role of the current in somatosensory processing. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Physarum polycephalum is a slime mold that is apparently

able to solve shortest path problems. A mathematical model has been proposed by Tero et al. (Journal of Theoretical Biology, 244, 2007, pp. 553-564) to describe the feedback mechanism used by the slime mold to adapt its tubular channels while foraging two food sources so and s(1). We prove that, under this model, the mass of the mold will eventually converge to the shortest s(0)-s(1) path of the network that the mold lies on, independently of the structure of the network or of the initial mass distribution.

This matches the experimental observations by Tero et al. and can be seen as an example of a “”natural algorithm”", that is, an algorithm developed by evolution over millions of years. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Quercetin

is a bioflavonoid reported to produce variety of behavioral effects like anxiolytic, antidepressant, etc. Recent gathering evidences indicated that DCLK1 quercetin attenuates stress-induced behavioral and biochemical effects. It also decreases CRF expression in the brain. As CRF is commonly implicated in the high-anxiety and depression, we hypothesized that quercetin may involve CRF in its anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like effects. To support such possibility, we investigated the influence of quercetin on CRF or CRF antagonist (antalarmin) induced changes in social interaction time in social interaction test, and immobility time in forced swim test. Results indicated that quercetin (20-40 mg/kg, p.o.) or antalarmin (2-4 mu g/mouse, i.c.v.) dose dependently increased social interaction time and decreased immobility time indicating anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like effect. These effects were comparable with the traditional anxiolytic (diazepam, 1-2 mg/kg, i.p.) and antidepressant (fluoxetine, 10-20 mg/kg, i.p.) agents. Administration of CRF (0.1 and 0.3 nmol/mouse, i.c.v.) produced just opposite effects to that of quercetin on these parameters.

In both cases, simulations show that FF individuals become rare in the population VE-822 datasheet at high abundance and/or long generation time. Protandry restricted to the MF heterozygote maintains sex ratio stability over a wider range of generation times and abundances than the alternatives, suggesting that sex determination based on a male-dominant allele (MM/MF) may not be the optimal solution to the genetic basis for protandry in Crassostrea. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“During a critical

period, unilateral retinal lesions induce rapid axonal sprouting of intact axons into denervated territories within the collicular visual layers. We investigated the effect of caffeine, a non-selective A(1) and A(2a) antagonist, upon the lesion-induced plasticity of retinotectal axons. Pigmented rats submitted to a temporal retinal lesion received either caffeine (30 mg/kg, ip) or saline treatment. The anterograde tracing revealed that caffeine treatment during the critical period resulted in

a clear reduction on the sprouting of ipsilateral fibers but to an amplification of the plasticity after PND21, thus revealing opposite effects depending on the developmental time window. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd and the Japan Neuroscience Society. All rights reserved.”
“Common carp accounts for a substantial proportion of global freshwater aquaculture JQ-EZ-05 manufacturer production. Koi herpes virus (KHV), a highly virulent disease affecting carp that emerged in the late 1990s, is a serious threat to this industry. After a fish is infected with KHV, there is a temperature dependent delay before it becomes

infectious, and a further delay before mortality. Consequently, KHV epidemiology is driven by seasonal changes in water temperature. Also, it has been proposed that outbreaks could be controlled by responsive management of water temperature in aquaculture setups. We use a mathematical model to analyse the effect of seasonal temperature cycles on KHV epidemiology, and the impact of attempting to control outbreaks by disrupting this cycle. We show that, although disease progression is fast in summer and slow in winter, total mortality over a 2-year Amyloid precursor protein secretase period is similar for outbreaks that start in either season. However, for outbreaks that start in late autumn, mortality may be low and immunity high. A single bout of water temperature management can be an effective outbreak control strategy if it is started as soon as dead fish are detected and maintained for a long time. It can also be effective if the frequency of infectious fish is used as an indicator for the beginning of treatment. In this case, however, there is a risk that starting the treatment too soon will increase mortality relative to the case when no treatment is used. This counterproductive effect can be avoided if multiple bouts of temperature management are used.

A set of four primers, two outer and two inner, was designed from RGNNV genome RNA. The LAMP reaction mix was optimized. The method was specific as no cross-reaction was observed between white spot syndrome virus, koi herpesvirus, infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus, mud crab reovirus, and grass carp hemorrhage virus. The Selleckchem BGJ398 sensitivity of LAMP was 100-fold higher than the nested PCR in detecting the presence of RGNNV. RGNNV was detected in the brain of Trachinotus ovatus that showed typical symptoms of NNV infection, with the standardized LAMP procedure. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Studies demonstrating

hippocampal activation associated with memories for persons from whom information is acquired (external source monitoring) are lacking. In this study, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate whether the medial temporal lobe (MTL), especially the hippocampus, is activated during the retrieval of external source information as well as during the retrieval of the items themselves. Before the fMRI, subjects

intentionally studied photographs with names that were presented by either a woman or a man in a videotape. During the fMRI, subjects were asked to judge whether each photograph was new or old and, if they judged it as Selleck Nepicastat old, to indicate which person had presented the photograph during the study phase according to a confidence rating (high or low). The results showed that successful retrieval of a source with high confidence was associated with increased activity in the hippocampus and that correct item recognition with failed source retrieval and low confidence for a source (i.e., item-only hits) was associated with decreased activity in the perirhinal cortex. Further analysis revealed that the hippocampus was also associated with familiarity/novelty distinction for the items themselves. The present study is the first to

provide evidence that hippocampal activation is associated with external source monitoring. The results also support existing models suggesting http://www.selleck.co.jp/products/VX-770.html that the hippocampus is associated with recollection-based recognition and the perirhinal cortex with familiarity-based recognition, with the possibility that the hippocampus plays roles in both recognition processes. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“An event-related potential (ERP) study was conducted to investigate the temporal neural dynamics of semantic integration processes at different levels of syntactic hierarchy during Chinese sentence reading. In a hierarchical structure, subject noun + verb + numeral + classifier + object noun, the object noun is constrained by selectional restrictions of the classifier at the lower-level and of the verb at the higher-level and the classifier is also constrained by the verb at the higher-level.

(C) 2011 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Purpose: This post hoc analysis of the Medical Therapy of Prostatic Symptoms trial examined the effect of finasteride alone compared to placebo on the clinical progression of benign prostatic hyperplasia in men with a baseline prostate volume less than 30 ml, or 30 ml or greater.

Materials

and Methods: Men were randomized to placebo (737), 4 to 8 mg doxazosin alone (756), 5 mg finasteride alone (768) or doxazosin plus finasteride (786) (average followup was 4.5 years). Approximately 50% of patients had a baseline prostate volume of 30 ml or greater. The present analysis was based on the finasteride alone and placebo arms only, and included patients for whom baseline and end of study data were available. We Cediranib molecular weight examined the effect of treatment on the cumulative percentage of men who did not experience clinical progression of benign prostatic hyperplasia by study end.

Results: In men with baseline prostate volume 30 ml or greater treatment with finasteride produced a significant

(p < 0.001) increase relative to placebo in the cumulative percentage of patients who did not experience clinical progression of benign prostatic hyperplasia (finasteride 88.1% vs placebo 77.8%). There was no Akt inhibitor significant (p = 0.441) between-group difference in men with baseline prostate volume less than 30 ml (91.4% vs 89.1%, respectively).

Conclusions: Long-term treatment with finasteride led to a significant beneficial effect compared to placebo on the clinical progression

of benign prostatic hyperplasia in patients with lower urinary tract symptoms with an enlarged prostate (baseline prostate volume 30 ml or greater). Finasteride had no significant effect compared to placebo on the clinical progression of benign prostatic hyperplasia in patients with lower urinary tract symptoms with a smaller prostate (baseline prostate volume less than 30 ml).”
“Purpose: We retrospectively identified preoperative comorbidities and analyzed the relationship of the comorbidities to postoperative complications in patients treated with transurethral prostate resection.

Materials and Methods: We reviewed the surgical and clinical records of 1,878 patients who underwent transurethral prostate resection at a single university hospital between January 2006 Chloroambucil and December 2009. Variables included preoperative comorbidities, intraoperative data and postoperative complications, including mortality.

Results: Only 32.6% of the patients had no observed preoperative comorbidity and the other 67.4% had at least 1. The incidence of comorbidities increased with age (p < 0.001). The overall postoperative complication rate was 5.8%. There were 3 deaths for an overall 0.16% 30-day mortality rate. The postoperative complication rate was significantly higher in patients who had a comorbidity preoperatively and were 50 to 59 (p = 0.043), 60 to 69 (p = 0.

7%] vs 280/883 [31.7%], 1.53, 1.26-1.86, p<0.0001), absolute benefit of 90 (46-135) per 1000

people treated, and mRS 0-1 (283/896 [31.6%] vs 202/883 [22.9%], 1.61, 1.30-1.90; p<0.0001), absolute benefit 87 (46-128) per 1000 treated. Numbers of deaths within 7 days were increased (250/2807 [8.9%] click here vs 174/2728 [6.4%], 1.44, 1.18-1.76; p=0.0003), but by final follow-up the excess was no longer significant (679/3548 [19.1%] vs 640/3464 [18.5%], 1.06, 0.94-1.20; p=0.33). Symptomatic intracranial haemorrhage (272/3548 [7.7%] vs 63/3463 [1.8%], 3.72, 2.98-4.64; p<0.0001) accounted for most of the early excess deaths. Patients older than 80 years achieved similar benefit to those aged 80 years or younger, particularly when treated early.

Interpretation The evidence indicates that intravenous rt-PA increased the proportion of patients who were alive with favourable outcome and alive and independent at final follow-up. Caspase inhibitor The data strengthen previous evidence to treat patients as early as possible after acute ischaemic stroke, although some patients might benefit up to 6 h after stroke.”
“Background. Central to understanding of the behavioural consequences

of depression has been the theory that the disorder is accompanied by an increased sensitivity to negative compared with positive reinforcement (negative bias), whereas other theorists have emphasized a global reduction in sensitivity to reinforcement in depression (blunting).

Method. In this study, we used a probabilistic selection task that was designed to examine independently rates of learning to predict both positive and negative reinforcement. Twenty-three depressed out-patients and 23 healthy controls from the local population participated in the study.

Results. No evidence for a negative bias was observed on the

task, either during acquisition of the task or during generalization of the learned information. Depressed patients responded slower on the task than controls but showed Uroporphyrinogen III synthase a similar modulation of reaction times (RTs) as controls following reinforcement. Evidence for blunting was observed on the training phase, as reflected in reduced trial-by-trial adjustment during this phase. However, this effect was related specifically to the severity of anhedonia, as measured by the Snaith-Hamilton Pleasure Scale (SHAPS), and was independent of overall depression severity.

Conclusions. We argue that the observation of a negative bias or blunting in a group of depressed patients may be dependent on the neuropsychological task and the symptoms of the patients tested. Our results provide insight into how these theories might be further tested.”
“Self-harm and suicide are major public health problems in adolescents, with rates of self-harm being high in the teenage years and suicide being the second most common cause of death in young people worldwide.

All rights reserved”
“Whether intrauterine exposures to alcohol, tobacco, marijuana, or cocaine predispose offspring to substance use in adolescence has not been established. We followed a sample of 149 primarily African American/African

Caribbean, urban adolescents, recruited at term birth, until age 16 to investigate intrauterine cocaine exposure (IUCE). We found that in Kaplan-Meier analyses higher levels of IUCE www.selleckchem.com/products/AZD1480.html were associated with a greater likelihood of initiation of any substance (licit or illicit), as well as marijuana and alcohol specifically. Adolescent initiation of other illicit drugs and cigarettes were analyzed only in the “”any”" summary variable since they were used too infrequently to analyze as individual outcomes. In Cox proportional hazard models controlling for intrauterine exposure to alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana and demographic and post-natal covariates, those who experienced heavier IUCE had a greater likelihood of initiation of any substance, and those with lighter intrauterine marijuana exposure had a greater likelihood of initiation of any substance as well as of marijuana specifically. Time-dependent higher levels of exposure to violence

between ages of 8 and 16 were also robustly associated with initiation of any licit or illicit substance, and of marijuana, and alcohol particularly. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved,”
“The protective CH5183284 concentration effects of vitamin E (VE) against hyperthermia-induced damage in bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMEC) were studied. The structure of BMEC membrane was damaged by hyperthermia treatment The VE (25 nmol/ml) efficiently increased cell viability and attenuated morphological damages in hyperthermia-treated BMEC. Compared With the control. VE significantly reduced lactate dehydrogenase leakage and malondialdehyde formation in hyperthermia-treated BMEC Meanwhile, superoxide dismutase activity was Increased significantly in the presence of VE. It is inferred that below VE displayed cytoprotective effects on hyperthermia-induced damage in

BMEC through increasing intracellular antioxidant levels and decreasing lipid peroxidation (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd All rights reserved”
“Preclinical studies have identified alterations in cocaine and alcohol self-administration and behavioral responses to pharmacological challenges in adolescent offspring following prenatal exposure. To date, no published human studies have evaluated the relation between prenatal cocaine exposure and postnatal adolescent cocaine use. Human studies of prenatal cocaine-exposed children have also noted an increase in behaviors previously associated with substance use/abuse in teens and young adults, specifically childhood and teen externalizing behaviors, impulsivity, and attention problems.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the autophagic mechanisms participating in traumatic brain injury. The autophagy inhibitors 3-methyladenine (3-MA) and bafliomycin A1 (BFA) were administered with a single i.c.v. injection before TBI. We first examined the protein levels of Beclin-1 and LC3 II, which have been found to promote autophagy previously. Immunoblotting analysis showed that 3-MA pretreatment reduced post-TBI Beclin-1 and LC3-II levels, and maintained p62/SQSTM1 (p62) levels. In addition, double immunolabeling showed that the increased punctate LC3-II dots colocalizing

with Propidium Iodide (PO-stained nuclei at 24 h after injury, were partially inhibited check details by 3-MA pretreatment. Furthermore, inhibition of autophagy could reduce TBI-induced cell injury assessed with i.p. injection of PI and lesion volume, and attenuate behavioral outcome evaluated by motor test and Morris water maze. The neuroprotective effects were associated with an inhibition on TBI-induced up-regulation of LC3, Beclin-1, cathepsin B, caspase-3 and the Beclin-1/Bcl-2 ratio. Taken together, these data

imply that the autophagy pathway is involved in the pathophysiologic responses after TBI, and inhibition of this pathway may help attenuate traumatic damage and functional outcome deficits. (C) 2011 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Patients receiving hemodialysis have high rates of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality that may be related to the hemodynamic effects of rapid ultrafiltration. Here we tested whether higher dialytic ultrafiltration rates are associated with greater all-cause and cardiovascular this website mortality, and hospitalization

for cardiovascular disease. We used data from the Hemodialysis Study, an almost-7-year randomized clinical trial of 1846 patients receiving thrice-weekly chronic dialysis. The ultrafiltration rates were divided into three categories: up to 10 ml/h/kg, 10-13 ml/h/kg, and over 13 ml/h/kg. Compared to ultrafiltration rates in the lowest group, rates in the highest were significantly associated with increased all-cause and cardiovascular-related mortality with adjusted hazard ratios of 1.59 and 1.71, respectively. Microtubule Associated Overall, ultrafiltration rates between 10-13 ml/h/kg were not associated with all-cause or cardiovascular mortality; however, they were significantly associated among participants with congestive heart failure. Cubic spline interpolation suggested that the risk of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality began to increase at ultrafiltration rates over 10 ml/h/kg regardless of the status of congestive heart failure. Hence, higher ultrafiltration rates in hemodialysis patients are associated with a greater risk of all-cause and cardiovascular death. Kidney International (2011) 79, 250-257; doi:10.1038/ki.2010.383; published online 6 October 2010″
“Psychological stress elicits increases in sympathetic activity accompanied by a marked cardiovascular response.

Cross-sentential referential dependencies are disrupted when the antecedent for a pronoun is embedded in a sentence introducing hypothetical entities (e.g. ‘John is considering writing a novel. It ends quite abruptly’). An earlier event-related potential reading study showed such disruptions yielded a P600-like frontal positivity. Here we replicate this effect using

auditorily presented sentences and discuss the implications for our understanding of discourse-level language processing. NeuroReport 21:791-795 (C) 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health vertical bar Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.”
“Objectives: The pivotal trial of the Talent enhanced Low Profile System (eLPS; Medtronic Vascular, Santa Rosa, Calif) stent graft evaluated short and long-term safety and efficacy check details of endovascular aneurysm repair

(EVAR). These data and a confirmatory group assessing the performance of the CoilTrac delivery system supported the United States premarket approval application for the device.

Methods: The pivotal trial was a prospective, nonrandomized study conducted at 13 sites from February 2002 to April 2003. The study group (n = 166) underwent EVAR using the Talent eLPS stent graft. The control group (n = 243) underwent open surgical AAA repair. Data for this group were obtained from the Society for Vascular Surgery Endovascular AAA Surgical Controls project. Outcomes were compared at 30 days and 12 months. Additional 5-year follow-up was obtained for the eLPS group. A single-center cohort selleck kinase inhibitor of 137 patients was the confirmatory group

for the assessment of the clinical performance of the CoilTrac delivery system, with analysis of outcomes :530 days from the procedure.

Results: AAA anatomy with neck length as short as 3 film and maximum neck diameter of 32 mm were included in the eLPS group. EVAR was superior to open repair for periprocedural outcomes, including mean procedure duration (167.3 vs 196.4 minutes, P < .001), blood transfusion (18.2% vs 56.8%, P < .001), median intensive care unit stay (19.3 vs 74.3 hours, P < .001), and mean hospital stay (3.6 vs 8.2 days, P < .001). Freedom from major adverse events was 89.2% for EVAR at 30 days vs 44.0% 3-oxoacyl-(acyl-carrier-protein) reductase (P < .001) and 81.3% vs 42.4% at 1 year (P < .001.). Freedom from all-cause mortality and aneurysm-related mortality (ARM) was 93.7% and 98.2% for EVAR vs 92.4% and 96.7% for the controls. Through 5 years for the EVAR group, rates of freedom from all-cause mortality, ARM, aneurysm rupture, and conversion to surgery were 69.8%, 96.5%, 98.2%, and 99.1%, respectively, with one conversion to surgery, 25 secondary reinterventions,and five site-reported instances of stent graft migration. The technical success rate for the CoilTrac confirmatory, group was 100%, with no aneurysm rupture or conversion to open repair at 30 days. The 30-day all-cause mortality rate was 1.5% (2 of 137).

Conclusions.

On PN47, there were increases in the number of TUNEL+ cells in most hippocampal regions of both ETOH and NIC groups. In the NIC+ETOH group there were less severe effects. These results were paralleled by reductions in neuronal and glial cells densities for all treatment groups. In contrast, on PN50, ethanol and/or nicotine withdrawal were associated with compensatory

reductions in TUNEL+ cells in all hippocampal regions. These results were paralleled by a reversal of effects on neuronal and glial densities so that there were no longer differences between groups. www.selleckchem.com/products/nu7441.html There were no effects on region thicknesses. These results suggest that deleterious effects of nicotine and/or ethanol are reversed during prolonged withdrawal. (C) 2010 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“The protective effect of an iridoid catalpol extracted and purified from the traditional Chinese medicinal herb Rehmannia glutinosa find more on the neuronal degeneration of nigral-striatal dopaminergic pathway was studied in a chronic 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)/probenecid C57BL/6 mouse model and in 1-methyl-4-Phenylpyridimium (MPP(+)) intoxicated cultured mesencephalic neurons. Rotarod performance revealed that the locomotor ability of mice was significantly impaired after completion of model production and maintained thereafter for at least 4 weeks. Catelpol orally administered for 8 weeks (starting from the second week of model

production) dose dependently improved the locomotor ability. HPLC revealed that catalpol significantly elevated striatal dopamine levels without changing the metabolite/dopamine ratios. Nor did it bind to dopamine receptors. Therefore it is unlikely that catalpol resembles any of the known compounds for treating Parkinsonism. Instead, catalpol dose dependently raised the tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) neuron number in substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc), the striatal dopamine transporter (DAT) density and the striatal glial cell derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) protein level. Linear regression Lonafarnib cost revealed that both the TH neuron number and DAT density were positively correlated

to the GDNF level. In the cultured mesencephalic neurons, MPP(+) decreased the dopaminergic neuron number and shortened the neurite length, whereas catalpol showed protective effect dose dependently. Furthermore, the expression of GDNF mRNA was up-regulated by catalpol to a peak nearly double of normal control in neurons intoxicated with MPP(+) for 24 h but not in normal neurons. The GDNF receptor tyrosine kinase RET inhibitor 4-amino-5-(4-methyphenyl)-7-(t-butyl)-pyrazolo-(3,4-d)pyrimidine (PP1) abolished the protective effect of catalpol either partially (TH) positive neuron number) or completely (neurite length). Taken together, catalpol improves locomotor ability by attenuating the neuronal degeneration of nigral-striatal dopaminergic pathway, and this attenuation is at least partially through elevating the striatal GDNF expression.

Mean Numeric Pain Intensity Scale was 1.4 points (range 0 to 4). On the Simple Descriptive Pain Intensity Scale 4 patients (36.3%) reported no pain, 5 (45.5%) reported mild pain and 2 (18.2%) reported moderate pain. Discharge from the hospital was possible for all patients after 6 hours. All transrectal ultrasound performed after 7 days excluded balloon migrations.

Conclusions: Transrectal ultrasound guided ProACT system implantation with the patient under local

anesthesia only is feasible, safe, well tolerated and may be performed as a day surgery procedure.”
“This study was carried out to investigate the long-term effects of chronic neonatal antagonism of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, a subtype of glutamate receptors, on working memory. Rats were tested on the delayed nonmatching-to-position task in adulthood after CFTRinh-172 repeated treatment of a noncompetitive NMDA antagonist MK-801 in postnatal days 7-20. As a result, this treatment led to Selleckchem Poziotinib deficits in learning and/or performance of delayed non matching-to-position responses, suggesting that chronic neo-natal NMDA antagonism persistently impairs working memory. Furthermore, it decreased body and brain weight, and induced stereotyped head-rotation behavior. As working memory deficits are shown in several mental disorders such as schizophrenia

and developmental disorders, rats with chronic neonatal NMDA antagonism might be useful for a better understanding of these disorders.”
“Peripheral action of p-opioid receptor agonist inhibits mechanical allodynia in mice with

herpetic pain. Mechanical allodynia is mainly mediated by A beta fibers, whereas mu-opioid receptors are present dipyridamole in C and A delta fibers. This study was conducted to address this discrepancy. Neonatal capsaicin treatment, which almost abolished aversive response to capsaicin, did not affect herpetic allodynia and antiallodynic effect of local injection of morphine. Although mu-opioid receptor was chiefly expressed in small-sized and medium-sized sensory neurons in naive mice, it was induced in large sensory neurons in mice with herpetic pain. Viral propagation in the sensory ganglion may induce mu-opioid receptor expression in A beta fibers, which may be responsible for the inhibitory action of local opioids on mechanical allodynia in mice with herpetic pain.”
“Purpose: Shorter urethral sphincter length on preoperative endorectal magnetic resonance imaging has been associated with an increased risk of postoperative urinary incontinence as well as longer time to achieve continence. We determined that our techniques of anatomical reconstruction for restoring the continence mechanism could markedly improve continence outcomes, especially in patients with a shorter urethral sphincter.